Chapter 25 western civ

After the Dow Jones industrial average on the New York Stock Exchange began its sharp decline in October 1929, that decline continued until 1932, by which time it had gone down

90 percent from its 1929 high.

Although the collapse of prices on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929 caused severe problems in the United States, it also had immediate and disastrous consequences in Europe because

the United States had become a primary international creditor during World War I.

Benito Mussolini became the prime minister of Italy through the ordinary provisions of the Italian constitution, but it became widely believed and accepted that he gained the office

through the mythologized "March on Rome."

During December 1918 and January 1919, independent socialists and a German Communist party

staged armed uprisings in Berlin.

During the unstable period following the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II, many armed bands grew in number and influence. Among them were the Freikorps, which were

anti-Marxist, anti-Semitic, and antiliberal.

Having sidelined all his opposition within the Bolshevik party, Stalin solidified his control in 1929 by removing _________ from the ruling Politburo.

Nikolai Bukharin

In 1929, the upper echelons of the party abandoned the NEP and embarked onthe complete collectivization of agriculture, which triggered nearly __________ large-scale rebellions in the Soviet Union between 1929 and 1933.

.1,600

In January 1923, when the Germans were late on coal deliveries that comprised part of the heavy burden of reparations imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles,

an international group of financiers bought the German coal mines

In March 1921, Lenin abandoned the unpopular "war communism" in favor of

the New Economic Policy (NEP).

In Nazi Germany, racial science and eugenics became an important part of state policy, beginning with a law in 1933

for the compulsory sterilization of "innumerable inferior and hereditarily tainted" people.

In November 1938, the SA attacked some 7,500 Jewish stores, burned nearly 200synagogues, killed 91 Jews, and beat up thousands more in a campaign of terror known as

Kristallnacht.

In consolidating his personal dictatorship, Stalin eliminated enemies—real and imagined—from the early 1930s onwards. But the years 1937-1938 brought a qualitative and quantitative change, leaving nearly a million people dead and as many as 1.5 million more in labor camps known as the

Great Terror.

In the early days of filmmaking in the Soviet Union, Sergei Eisenstein developed a technique for creating visual narration in film through effective editing and quickcuts from different perspectives known as the

assembly edits.

Nazi propaganda was controlled by one of the early members of the party and director of propaganda _____________.

Joseph Goebbels

Stalin's revolution from above and his policy of forced industrialization created the ____________, which never really functioned rationally, favoring heavy industry and quantity as its goals.

command economy

The Bolsheviks won the Russian civil war, due in no small measure to the hierarchical, disciplined military machine of 5 million men created by the new commissar of war _____________.

Leon Trotsky

The Red Leagues were

.socialist agrarian groups in Italy that attempted to break up large estates and reduce rents.

The Weimar constitution, among other tenets of parliamentary liberalism, set up

the framework for German democracy.

The architects created a new ________ style the explored the importance of use and purpose and downplayed decorative elements.

.

functionalist

The dramatic event that caused King Victor Emmanuel II to ask Mussolini to form a government in October 1922 was

.the march of tens of thousands of fascist militia on Rome.

The event in 1933 that led to Hitler's being given unlimited power was

the death of President Paul von Hindenburg.

The film by Leni Riefenstahl that was a visual hymn to the cultural power of the Nazi regime was called

.Triumph of the Will.

The poet _________ presented a philosophy that life was a living death and should be endured as boredom and frustration.

T. S. Eliot

The radicalism of the SA worried the more conservative groups that had helped make Hitler chancellor, so in a bid to curtail the SA on the night of June 30, 1934,more than a thousand high-ranking SA officials, including several of Hitler's oldest associates, were executed in a bloody purge known as

.the Night of Long Knives.

The success of the Italian fascists depended heavily on

.the leadership of Benito Mussolini.

The three core principles of Italian fascism were statism, nationalism, and

militarism.

What did Albert Einstein propose with his revolutionary theory of physics?

the theory that light is emitted in short, independent units he labeled "quanta."

What was the SA?

.

the paramilitary arm of the Nazi party, which engaged in intimidating acts to maintain order in society

Which of the following describes a way in which Stalin's "Great Terror" defeated its own purpose?

In trying to take direct control over economic and political life, Stalin managed to eliminate many of the most talented sections of society.

Which phrase best describes the early membership of Mussolini's fasci?

young idealists and fanatical nationalists

artists argued that color and line expressed inherent psychological qualities.

Expressionist