Health Psych Exam 4 (FINAL #1)

what do chronic diseases do?

contribute to 70% of deaths in the US

chronic disease prevalence

50% of adults have
10% of children have

what is intrusiveness?

the extent to which a chronic illness disrupts an individual’s life by interfering with valued activities and interests and reducing perceptions of personal control, self-efficacy, and self-esteem.

what is type 1 diabetes?

insulin dependant diabetes

what is type 2 diabetes?

non-insulin dependent diabetes

what is gestational diabetes?

high blood sugar diagnosed during pregnancy caused by pregnancy hormones inducing insulin resistanc

psychological factors of diabetes?

stress → factors in blood sugar regulation + possible direct cause
depression

what does targeting stress and depression do in regards to diabetes?

positive impacts on diabetes and its management

how to treat intrusiveness of diabetes?

designing interventions that reduce the intrusiveness of diabetes on daily living

what do patients not fully understand abt diabetes?

diabetes itself and cannot always recognize the symptoms of high and low blood glucose level

what does blood glucose awareness do for diabetes?

increases understanding of diabetes and its symptoms + teaches cognitive and behavioral indicators of BG levels

requirements of diabetes care?

o   People with diabetes must maintain a strict regimen of diet, exercise, and insulin supplements to avoid the complications of the disorder

how does complexity relate to adherence?

more complex = lower adherence
lifestyle changes harder than medication

what are factors that relate to compliance

discretionary - left to individual choice
mandatory - requirement
Perceived effects
stress

how can you increase compliance?

ID factors that lead to compliance and non-compliance
interventions to increase compliance

how to treat diabetes related psychological disorders

symptoms of depression common
phys and emotional demands can be difficult and or frustrating

how does weight loss help with diabetic state?

helps better manage glucose levels

what are some types of interventions?

education → understand what causes diabetes and how to better manage it
behavioral plans → overall behavior, time management
familial interventions → if everyone follows the same regiment set for a diabetic, diabetic is more likely to adhere

transmission of HIV

highest between male to male sexual contact, mostly due to how anal sex is a risk factor already

why does anal sex have a high transmission rate of HIV?

rectal lining is thin and fragile, causing direct access to the bloodstream if torn

-          Psychosocial Factors in the Progression of AIDS

Poor nutrition, drug use, and continued HIV exposure can increase the progression of AIDS
negative emotions can also increase progression via T-cell decline

what does isolation do to hiv?

increases HIV+ progression by significantly decreasing T-cells

what do educational programs about HIV teach?

abstinence
monogamous sexual relationships
limiting sex
lack of iv-drug use

what increases T-cell count?

low anxiety, anger, mood disturbance, and perceived stress

what are survival factors for AIDS/HIV?

maintaining physical activity by engaging in regular exercise
keeping upbeat, positive outlook
avoid social isolation

what are environmental factors that increase risk of alz?

stroke, head injury, type 2 diabetes, CVD all increase risk

lifestyle factors that decrease risk of alz?

exercise, cognitive activity, low alcohol consumption

ALZ symptoms?

memory loss
irritability, sleep difficulty, paranoia, inappropriate sexual behavior, depression

ALZ treatment?

no cure
drugs used to slow progression of memory loss and retain cognitive abilities
sensory stimulation, music therapy, and reality orientation tried

factors in weight management?

stable weight → energy intake → energy output
metabolic rate
leptin → signals hypothalamus to increase metabolic rate, reduce hunger
insulin →lowers blood sugar
ghrelin → increases appetite, food intake, hunger hormone
chloecystokenin → digestive aid that stimulates bile release and enzyme production

what was experimental starvation? and what did it do?

Conscientious objectors volunteered to be in the study, where they were given half the normal amount of rations
found that weight was easy to re-gain once exposed to more food

what was experimental overeating and what did it do?

prisoners were asked to overeat 20 pounds
found that it was easy to lose the weight, but ones genetic linkages to obesity caused weight gain or a harder time to lose the weight

obesity prevalence

40% of adults are obese

BMI index categories?

< 18.5 → underweight
18.5-24.9 → normal weight
25-29.9 → overweight
30+ - obese

what is the setpoint model?

§  Belief that the body has a ‘thermostat’ that determines what energy levels are fine / hunger levels

genetic explainations of obesity

§  Evolution has caused our ability to store fat when needed has became less favorable
eating habits can be genetically linked

what is the positive incentive model?

there is a positive incentive to eat

what conditions does obesity increase the risk of?

CVD
Type 2 Diabetes
High blood Pressure
Osteoarthritis

how do people lose weight?

restricting food types
behavior modifcation programs
exercise
medication
surgeries

what are some medication to treat obesity?

ozempic/wegovy
saxenda
mounjaro
trulcity
contrave
orlistat
qsymia
adipex

what is the roux-en-y gastric bypass?

a laparoscopic procedure that:
Small pouch is made in the stomach about the size of an egg, with the rest of the stomach remaining intact, so hormones and acids are still released
Jejunum attached directly to the gastric pouch, due to less food intake when the egg-shaped pouch becoming full

what is a Vertical Sleeve Gastroectomy

sleeve around the stomach restricts the amount of food you can eat, around 85% of the stomach removed

what does a lap-band do?

band put around the stomach to decrease amount of food that can be consumed, can be tightened/loosened w/ saline

health psych. role in bariatric surgery?

HP role is to clear people for surgery and assist and provide surgery post-op to maintain lifestyle needed for these surgeries to be a success

anorexia nervosa is?

an eating disorder categorized as a loss of appetite for emotional reasons

anorexia nervosa diagnosis criteria?

refuse to maintain normal bodyweight (85% of weight or less)
intense fear of gaining weight that is not reduced by weight loss
distorted sense of body shape