Unit 5 test- C2.2, C3.1, C3.2, D3.3

Why do we need to integrate systems?

To maintain homeostasis— Different systems must communicate and coordinate so the body responds effectively

Rank levels of biological organization (least → most complex)

Cells(specialized for a task)—> tissues(group of cells working toward a specific function)—>organs(group of tissues that perform a part of a function for life)—> Body systems(group of organs working together to do a function for life)

Define emergent properties with an example

New functions that arise when simpler components work together

Example: The heart (organ) can pump blood, but individual muscle cells cannot do this alone

What is the role of the blood system in integration?

Acts as a transport and communication network that can link organs by carrying substances throughout the body such as nutrients, hormones, gases, glucose, wastes, O2, etc.

Type of signal in hormonal signaling vs nervous signaling

• Hormonal has a chemical signal (Endocrine gland cells release hormones)

• Nervous has an electrical signal (Neurons transmit electrical nerve impulses)

Location of hormonal signaling vs nervous signaling

• Hormonal: in the bloodstream (around the whole body)

  • Widespread, but only certain target cells respond

• Nervous: along the neurons

  • Signal passes only to specific cells via synapse (tiny gap between two nerve cells)

Duration of hormonal vs nervous signaling

• Hormonal signaling is slower

• Nervous signaling is very rapid

Outcome of hormonal vs nervous signaling

• Hormonal:

  • Broader, widespread effects

  • Growth development (puberty)

  • Reproduction

  • changes to metabolic rate

  • Changes to solute concentration the the blood

  • Mood

• Nervous:

  • Precise, targeted response

  • Muscle contraction

  • Secretion by glands

What are the input sources of the brain?

• Input signals from our senses:

  • Eyes, mouth, ears, touch, internal. systems

• Processes all of these signals by comparing them against memories and then making a decision

How does the brain use memory to process info and how is memory related to learning?

• The brain compares new info with stored memories to recognize patterns, interpret situations, and make decisions

• Learning occurs when experiences create/strengthen memories—> allowing future behavior or responses to change

What are the two main roles of the cerebellum?

• Coordination of muscles and movement/precision and timing of muscle coordination

• Supports posture and balance

Label a cross-section of a bundle of nerves

What is in the middle of a nerve bundle?

Axon and blood vessels

Draw and label a diagram of nerve cells

• Dendrite: receives signals from other neurons and carries torward cell body

• Axon: carries electrical impulses away from cell body

• Cell body: contains organelles, controls the neurons activities

• Axon terminus: releases neurotransmitters to communicate with the next cell

• Nucleus: contains DNA, controls cell functions

• Node of Ranvier: gaps in the myelin sheath that speed up nerve impulse transmission

• Myelin Sheath: Insulates the axon and increases speed of impulse

• Schwann Cells: produces myelin sheath

List the three types of nerve cells and their purpose

• Sensory Neuron

  • Receives input form sensory cells(skin, eyes, etc) to the central nervous system

• Motor Neuron

  • Carries signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands to produce a response

• Interneuron

  • Connects sensory neurons and motor neurons within the CNS and process information

  • Found only in the brain and spinal chord

What is resting potential and what voltage is the resting potential in?

• Neurons maintain a resting potential when unstimulated, characterized by an electrical potential across the plasma membrane

• -70mV