CNIT 176 Exam 2 Study Guide: Peripherals to Floating Point

Vocabulary flashcards covering computer peripherals, networking concepts, data representation, Boolean logic, and floating-point arithmetic terminology.

Peripheral Devices

Devices separate from CPU, memory, or power source.

Input Devices

Hardware used to provide data to a computer.

Output Devices

Hardware that conveys information from a computer.

Storage Devices

Devices used for storing data permanently or temporarily.

Solid-State Drives

Flash memory units replacing magnetic disk drives.

Magnetic Disks

Storage media using magnetic polarization for data.

Track

Circular path on a disk where data is stored.

Cylinder

Same track across multiple platters in a disk.

Sector

Pie-shaped segment of a disk platter.

Seek Time

Time to move the read/write head to a track.

Latency

Time for disk to rotate to the correct sector.

Transfer Time

Time to transfer data to the disk controller.

RAID

Redundant Array of Independent Disks for data redundancy.

RAID Mirroring

Data is duplicated across multiple disks for redundancy.

RAID Striping

Data segments are distributed across multiple disks.

CD-ROM

Optical disc storing approximately $650\,\text{MB}$ of data.

Blu-Ray

Optical disc holding over $50\,\text{GB}$ of data.

Pixel

Smallest unit of a digital image.

Aspect Ratio

Ratio of screen width to height.

Resolution

Number of pixels in an image or display.

Graphical Processing Unit (GPU)

Dedicated hardware for rendering graphics.

DPI

Dots per inch; measures printer resolution.

Inkjet Printer

Printer that sprays ink onto paper.

Laser Printer

Printer that uses laser technology to produce images.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

Technology to convert different types of documents into editable data.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Hardware that connects a computer to a network.

Medium Access Control (MAC)

Protocols defining communication rules in networks.

Magnetic Tape

Used for offline storage and archival purposes.

Wear-Leveling

Technique to extend the lifespan of flash memory.

Data Block Format

Structure of data stored on a disk.

Formatting Disk

Process to prepare a disk for data storage.

Multiple Zone Recording

Technique dividing disks into zones for data storage.

Manhattan Project

U.S. project that developed the atomic bomb.

NORAD

North American Air Defense Command organization.

SAGE

Semi-Automatic Ground Environment computer network.

ARPANET

First network using $\text{TCP/IP}$ protocols, established in $1965$.

TCP/IP

Fundamental protocols for internet communication.

NSFNET

Network funded by the National Science Foundation.

Three Tier Architecture

Network design with three interconnected network sizes.

Communication Channel

Path for messages between communicating nodes.

Packets

Data envelopes containing encapsulated information.

Packet Header

Contains source, destination, and sequence information.

Bandwidth

Maximum data transfer rate in bits per second.

Simplex

One-way communication directionality.

Half-Duplex

Two-way communication, one direction at a time.

Full Duplex

Simultaneous two-way communication.

Data Link Layer

Layer responsible for physical addressing.

Network Layer

Layer for path determination and logical addressing.

Transport Layer

Ensures end-to-end connections and reliability.

Application Layer

Layer where network processes interact with applications.

Encapsulation

Process of wrapping data with protocol information.

Logical Addresses

Addresses used for routing packets across networks.

Checksums

Error-checking data for packet integrity.

PDP-11

Node type used in early ARPANET.

Ethernet

Common wired network technology for local area networks.

Bluetooth

Wireless technology for short-range communication.

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line for high-speed internet.

Satellite Link

Communication method using satellites for data transmission.

Firewall

Security device controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic.

Gateway

Node that connects different networks.

Physical Layer

Layer where communication occurs as a stream of bits.

Frames

Packets at the data link layer.

Software LLC Sublayer

Handles error correction and packet reconstruction.

Hardware MAC Sublayer

Defines channel access procedures and error detection.

Ethernet Frame

Data packet format used in Ethernet networks.

100 Base-TX

Fast Ethernet standard with $100\,\text{Mbps}$ speed.

Gigabit Ethernet

Standard for $1\,\text{Gbps}$ speed using $\text{CAT-5 UTP}$.

CSMA-CD

Collision detection method for hub-based networks.

Switched Ethernet

Allows point-to-point connections, avoiding collisions.

IP Protocol

Routes packets using logical IP addresses.

Datagram Packet Switching

Method for routing packets in the network layer.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Translates IP addresses to physical addresses.

TCP

Connection-oriented protocol ensuring reliable delivery.

UDP

Connectionless protocol without receipt acknowledgment.

SCTP

Protocol with improved fault tolerance over TCP.

Sockets

Interface for connections between application and transport layers.

Port Addresses

$16\text{-bit}$ identifiers for applications receiving messages.

Well-known Ports

Standard port numbers for common applications.

Hubs

Devices connecting multiple LAN devices without filtering.

Bridges

Connects network segments using MAC addresses.

Network Propagation Delay

Time for a packet to traverse the network.

Collision

Occurs when multiple nodes send messages simultaneously.

Packet Size

Ranges from $20$ to $65,536$ bytes in IP.

TCP Three-way Handshake

Process to establish a TCP connection.

Fiber Optics

Medium for high-speed data transmission.

Store and Forward

Method to transmit frames between network segments.

Switch

Intelligent device for connecting multiple devices in a LAN.

Full Duplex Ethernet

Simultaneous two-way data transmission in switched networks.

Layer 2

Data Link Layer that processes frames and addresses.

Circuit Switching

Dedicated channel for the duration of a connection.

Packet Switching

Routing packets independently based on criteria.

Router

Device that interconnects networks and directs packets.

Network Topology

Layout describing paths between points in a network.

Mesh Topology

Multiple paths between nodes, enhancing reliability.

Bus Topology

Nodes tapped into a shared communication medium.

Star Topology

All nodes connect to a central device.

Ethernet Hub

Passive device connecting multiple devices in bus topology.

Ethernet Switch

Active device allowing full bandwidth communication.

Tree Topology

Combination of bus and star topologies.

Local Area Network (LAN)

Connects devices over a localized area.