Chapter 14 Intro to Radiologic & Imaging Sciences & Patient Care

Able to walk

ambulatory

direction of x-ray beam from front to back

anteroposterior

Substances or structures not naturally present but of which an authentic image appears on an image

artifacts

any projection not at right angles to the long axis of an anatomic structure

axial projection

recognition of and entering into the feelings of another person

empathy

the act of bending or the condition of being bent

flexion

pertaining to the treatment of the aged

geriatric

acts of rendering immovable

immobilization

newborn infants

neonates

Pertaining to the branch of medicine that treats children

pediatric

sole of the foot

plantar surface

relation of harmony and accord between two persons

rapport

wound or injury

trauma

Immobilization devices should be:

radiolucent, durable, and easy to use

from a radiation protection standpoint immobilization device should:

have a shield build in, not allow movement, radiolucent to lessen exposure and artifacts

Why are immobilization devices or techniques needed?

Motion can affect the diagnostic quality of an image

How does motion affect an image?

Blur the image and increase radiation dose due to need to repeat image

The slightest _________ can compromise the image

movement

Patient motion can be either _________ or ___________

voluntary or involuntary

__________ motion usually occurs from lack of good communication

voluntary

__________ movement can result from

-Exam room temperature

- medication

-posttraumatic shock

-pathology

involuntary

other reasons for positioning and immobilization devices are

patient comfort and accuracy in positioning

develop a _________ with your patient

rapport

The steps to developing rapport with your patient are:

1) Introduce yourself

2) Display Empathy

3) Show respect and concern for your patient

good _________ is one of the most effective means of reducing motion on the part of the patient and one of the simplest

communication

What are things that you can communicate?

1. What are you going to do

2. How you are going to accomplish this

3. How the patient can help

4. Time frame

5. Will it hurt

if a patient is going to be on an x-ray table for longer than 10 minutes be sure to have a _______ on the table

pad

One of the most common methods of reduce pt motion involves the use of ________ ______. They come in variety of shapes and sizes. Designed to support the patient or the area of interest by reducing physical strain on the patient from having to hold a position that might otherwise be difficult to achieve.

positioning sponges

are located on most upright bucky units. Twofold purpose: move patients arms above their head and out of the area of interest as well as providing stability and steadiness

stability bar

not considered a form of restraint. However, can be effective as restraining or positioning devices. Also, used for compression

velcro straps

Are extremely helpful in reducing voluntary motion. However, are radiopaque so cannot be placed were it will obscure anatomic are of interest.

sandbags

Patient conditions to consider when using immobilizing devices:

- Lordotic and Kyphotic curves

-Dyspnea (shortness of breath)

-Orthopnea (difficulty breathing)

-Orthostatic hypotension

-decubitus ulcers or bed sores

-Injury (Dont produce more injury)

-Skin tears (Becareful w/ older patients)

To remove a Cervical Collar must have ________ approval

Physician

Must work around seriously injured patients wearing a ____ ______

cervical collar

Most common spinal device is cervical collar (may not be removed without physician approval) What type of x-ray do we take?

cross table lateral c-spine (most commonly taken to CT)

many trauma patients with spinal trauma arrive on a ________

backboard

Backboard are used to immobilize and support victims entire body. They are typically _________

radiolucent

Again, the collar may not be removed without ___________ approval

physician

For extremity traumas, they use immobilization devices to :

immobilize part, traction to the part, apply part

You must establish good communication with both the child and the parent- be at child's ______ ______ when speaking to them

eye level

Good rapport with pediatric patient is established with

kindness, patience, honesty, and understanding

One of the most effective, simple, inexpensive, and reliable methods of restraining or immobilizing a child is a _______ _____. Can be used on children up to 5 years. Mostly beneficial on children who are still too young to understand cooperation

mummy wrap

For pediatrics, Two common commercial restraints are

restraint boards and Pigg-O-Stat

For pediatrics, 3 noncommercial restraints are

radiolucent plexiglass paddle, velcro straps, stockinette

Tape is also sometimes used when immobilizing pediatric patients. __________ side of tape against skin.

Nonadhesive

Most important things to know about Pigg-O-Stat

1. Useful for upright chest and abdominal radiographic examinations

2. Built in adjustable lead shield which provides gonadal protection

3. Clear plastic which you can easily see the patient

4. 360 degree rotation demonstrating various oblique and lateral positions

Mummifying Steps

1. Prepare sheet

2. Place patient; Immobilize right arm

3. Immobilize left arm; wrap body

4. pull sheet tightly

Getriatic patients greatest fear is

falling

take extra care to make getriatric patient feel

secure

Geriatric patients you can ensure their exam comfort with:

Radiolucent table pad, pillows, blankets

geriatric patients respond well when you pay attention to their __________, especially during positioning.

comfort

Never leave a patient on the table without a _______ ______ or device

safety strap

_____________ leave a baby or child alone or on the table without someone at table

Never

any accident, fall or occurrence must be reported to the ______________ and/or _________

supervisor and/or radiologist

if a visitor falls call ________ / they will fill out incident report

security