Grade 11 Biology

what are the big ideas for “diversity of living things”?

all living things can be classified according to their anatomical and physiological characteristics; human activities affect the diversity of living things in ecosystems

what are the big ideas for “evolution”?

evolution is the process of biological change over time based on the relationships between species and their environments; the theory of evolution is a scientific explanation based on a large accumulation of evidence; technology that enables humans to manipulate the development of species has economic and environmental implications

what are the big ideas for “geneic processes”?

genetic and genomic research can have social and environmental implications; variability and diversity of living organisms result form the distribution of genetic materials during the processes of meiosis

what are the big ideas for “structure and function”?

groups of organs with specific structures work together as systems, which interact with other systems in the body; the development and uses of technology to maintain human health are based, in part, on the changing needs of society

what are the big ideas for “plants”?

plants have specialized structures with distinct functions that enable them to respond and adapt to their environment; plant variety is critical to the survival and sustainability of ecosystems

what is a microscope?

a tool that uses two lenses to enlarge samples

what is the process for using a microscope?

a sample is placed on a glass slide and covered with a cover slip. it is then placed for observation

what is a hot plate?

an electrical device used to heat samples in a lab

what is a graduated cylinder?

accurately measures liquid volumes (in mL)

what are florence flasks, erlenmeyer flasks, and beakers?

used to stir, store, heat, and roughly measure liquid volumes

what are safety goggles?

used to protect your eyes from any harmful substances

what are test tubes?

used to heat, mix, or store substances

what are petri dishes?

used to hold specimens for observation and to grow cultures

what is the flame symbol from WHMIS?

for fire hazards; covers many different chemicals that catch fire; the main hazards are fire or explosion, and this can happen if exposed to air or is in a large amount; they react with water to release flammable gases

what is the flame over circle symbol for WHMIS?

for oxidizing hazards; can cause fires to occur even without oxygen, and they can make existing fires hotter and burn faster

what is the gas cylinder symbol for WHMIS?

for gases under pressure; includes compressed gases, liquefied gases, dissolved gases and refrigerated liquefied gases; they are hazardous because of the immense pressure in these cylinders, and may explode if heated; the refrigerated liquefied gases are very cold and can cause severe cold burns or injury

what is the corrosion symbol for WHMIS?

for corrosive damage; can chemically damage/destroy metals; will cause severe burns / skin irritation

what is the skull and crossbones symbol for WHMIS?

fatal in small doses; acute toxicity refers to effects after exposure to a single dose or multiple doses within 24 hours, or inhalation exposure of 4 hours; could result from product itself, or to a product that releases substances upon contact with water

what is the health hazard symbol for WHMIS?

can cause serious health effects; includes respiratory and skin sensitizers, mutagens, carcinogens, and products that cause reproductive or organ toxicity and aspiration hazards

what are respiratory sensitizers?

products that can cause allergies or asthma symptoms

what are skin sensitizers?

may cause skin allergic reactions

what are mutagens?

can cause genetic defects that are carried on

what is the exclamation mark symbol for WHMIS?

less serious, but can cause ozone damage; may cause health effects if inhaled or ingested; can cause skin, eye, and respiratory irritations, skin sensitization, organ toxicity, and dizziness

what is the exploding bomb sign for WHMIS?

explosion or reactivity risk; may react on their own to cause fire/explosion or if heated

what is the biohazardous infectious material symbol for WHMIS?

microorganism that is a probable cause of infection in humans or animals

what is the environmental symbol for WHMIS?

poses acute or chronic hazards to aquatic systems

what is a pictogram?

a graphic representation of hazard posed

what is a signal word?

alerts you to the level of hazard; only two signals are used: “danger” and “warning”

what is a hazard statement?

short sentence bringing attention to the exact hazard of the product

what is a product identifier?

chemical/brand name

what is a precautionary statement?

how to minimize/prevent hazards

what is a diaphragm of a microscope?

controls the amount of light passing through the stage opening

what is the light source of a microscope?

lights the specimen from underneath

what is a fine-adjustment knob for a microscope?

more delicate focus for medium and high power objective lenses

what is a course adjustment knob for a microscope?

rough focus for low power objective lenses

what is the body tube for a microscope?

holds the ocular lense the correct distance from the eyepiece

what is the objective lens for a microscope?

further magnifies the specimen; most microscopes have medium, low, and high power lenses

what is the revolving nosepiece for a microscope?

used to change objective lens power by spinning each lens into place

what is the condenser lense for a microscope?

condenses the light towards the stage opening

what is the eyepiece for a microscope?

component through which the specimen is observed; contains ocular lens

what is the arm for a microscope?

used to carry the microscope

what is the base for a microscope?

supports the microscope

what are the stage and clips for a microscope?

holds the microscope in place

what is taxonomy?

the science of classifying organisms

why is taxonomy important?

genetics and medical research; agriculture; environment

why is classifying animals important?

it allows us to distinguish similar species; removes language barriers

what is the Linnaean system of binomial names?

it is based on similarities among species, so the name tells us which species may be related

what are the six kingdoms of life?

archaea, bacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

what are the categories in the Linnaean classification system?

kingdom; phylum; class; order; family; genus; species

what is binomial nomenclature?

developed by Carl Linnaeus to classify species names; the first part of the name describes the genus (a small group of closely related species), and the second part describes the species, which can only be used once in a species

what is the domain in the categories of living things?

the broad cell type; eukaryote vs. prokaryote

what is the kingdom in the categories of living things?

represents the major group; plantae

what is the phylum in the categories of living things?

the “body plan”; vertebrate vs. invertebrate

what is the class in the categories of living things?

more specific traits; mammalia

what is the order in the categories of living things?

includes behavior or diet; primates

what is family in the categories of living things?

involves very close relatives; hominidae

what is the genus in the categories of living things?

the “generic” name; homo

what is the species in the categories of living things?

the “specific name”; sapiens

what is kingdom archaea?

one of the most ancient organisms; live in unlivable environments, with low concentrations of oxygen and lots of salt (salt lakes, salt springs, volcanoes); similar to bacteria, different because of molecular structure and ribosomal RNA; unicellular

what is kingdom bacteria?

estimated more than 4,000,000 species, but only 4,000 found; some harmful like cholera; live everywhere; unicellular and prokaryotic; they can form a colony

what is kingdom protista?

the only species that has eukaryotic organisms outside of fungi, plants, and animals; typically unicellular and prokaryotic; obtain nutrition via ingestion, absorption, and photosynthesis; developed from prokaryotic bacteria

what is kingdom fungi?

multicellular eukaryotic; contains cell wall but no cellulose like plant cells; depends on others for food - heterotrophic

what is kingdom plantae?

multicellular eukaryotic organisms that have cellulose in cell walls; produce their own food via photosynthesis

what is kingdom animalia?

multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that have no cell walls around their membrane; includes vertebrates and invertebrates

what is biodiversity?

how everything is connected; if one piece is lost, everything is affected

what is the estimated amount of species on Earth?

10 million

what is the science of classifying organisms?

taxonomy

what is the significance of genetics and medical research from taxonomy?

it is important to know how closely related an experimental animal is to us; if we are closely related, then the new drugs being tested on the animal might work in a similar way in humans

what is the significance of agriculture from taxonomy?

knowing that a wild grass is a close relative to one of our important crop plants, like wheat, could help improve crop yields; we can study the genetics of the wild grass, and maybe borrow those genes to help make wheat more resistant to drought, frost, or disease

what is the significance of the environment from taxonomy?

it is very important for ecologists, who need to know the identity of species in an ecosystem, so they can predict how the ecosystem will respond to environmental changes

what is the main issue with common names?

they give the wrong impression of an organism; they usually aren’t the same from one language to another; may describe several different organisms

who developed the system binomial nomenclature?

carl linnaeus; required that every species have a two-part name; first word indicates the genus, second indicates the species (describes something about the organism)

what is a genus?

a relatively small group of closely related species; there can be many species within this

explain why Linnaeus’s system of binomial names helps us understand the relationships among species

the system is based on similarities among species, so the name tells us which species may be related

based on their binomial nams, are Cornus canadensis and Tsuga canadensis closely related to one another?

no; they are in different genera, thus they are not that closely related

suppose every organism was known and classified - would taxonomy end?

no, because organisms are constantly evolving, so we will need to be able to classify organisms as they evolve

what happens when biodiversity is reduced?

fewer species; can cause an ecosystem to be less resilient, or unable to handle stressesho

how many mass extinctions have occurred on Earth’s existence?

five; massive climate change is always part of the explanationho

hwo did the first mass extinction occur?

more than 450 million years ago; land-based plants whose production of oxygen via photosynthesis poisoned the atmosphere for many species used to a low oxygen atmosphere

how did the most recent mass extinction occur?

65 million years ago; an asteroid hit the Earth

what are most threats to biodiversity the result of?

directly or indirectly human activity; includes habitat loss, invasive species. overexploitation, pollution, and climate change; as the population grows, more ecosystems are devastedh

how many species are being lost a year?

30,000 species; much faster at any rate since the most recent global extinction

what are native species?

species that are naturally found in a particular ecosystem and are integrated into its food web; naturally controlled by other competitors, predators, and parasites presentwe

what are invasive species?

recent introductions to a food web, and a lack natural controls on their populations

what is the biggest threat to biodiversity after habitat loss?

invasive species

most threats to biodiversity are directly or indirectly attributable to human activities; list threats to biodiversity

invasive species, overpopulation, pollution, overexploitation, climate change, and habitat loss

what is the three domain system?

a cladogram, a level above the kingdom in the systems; involving bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

what are the kingdoms in Eukarya?

protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

what is believed that eukarya are developed from?

archaea

what are the characteristics of archaea?

membrane lipids with branched hydrocarbons; chromosomes are circular; lacks nuclear envelopes; lacks membrane-bound organelles; methionine is the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis; lacks peptidoglycan in the cell wall; growth not inhibited by streptomycin and chloramphenicol; histones are associated with DNA; contains several types of RNA polymerase

what are the characteristics of bacteria?

chromosomes are circular; lacks nuclear envelopes; lacks membrane bound organelles

what are the characteristics of eukarya?

methionine is the initator amino acid for protein synthesis; lack peptidoglycan in the cell wall; growth not inhibited by streptomycin and chloramphenicol; histones are associated with DNA; contains several types of RNA polymerase

what is the size of bacteria compared to eukaryotic cells?

they range 0.2-10 microns, roughly 10 times smaller

what are bacterial characteristics?

unicellular; prokaryotic; cell organelles not surrounded by membranes; DNA is made of a single chromosome; reproduce asexually via binary fission

how are bacteria usually classified?

many ways can be used to classify; one way is see who makes their own food or not; they have been grouped into at least 15 phyla using genetic analysis; biologists, however, usually organize these into groups that are important to us; can also be classified by shape

how are bacteria classified into shape?

baccilli (singular: bacillus) - rod-shaped; cocci (singular: coccus) - spherical; spirilli (singular: spirillus) - spiral-shaped

what are aerobic bacteria?

those that can or must live in the presence of oxygen; the ones on your skinare this typewh

what are anaerobic bacteria?

those that can live or must live in the absence of oxygen; those living in your intestines are of this type; these can be useful in making food

what is a cell wall?

provides support and protection for the contents of the cell

what is a capsule?

a layer of sticky material outside the cell wall that allows the cell to cling to surfaces