thyroid pt 6

sonographic evaluation of the parathyroid gland: appears as discreet area posterior to thyroid

longus colli muscle

sonographic evaluation of the parathyroid gland: linear appearance of muscle is evident in this plane

longitudinal

longitudinal scans can often eliminate confusion by identifying

bundle's tubular appearance.

hyper function of all parathyroid glands, most patients are asymptomatic at time of diagnosis

primary hyperparathyroidism

primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly seen in

Women after age 40

primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when there's increased amounts of PTH produced by

and adenoma (most common), hyperplasia, or carcinoma of parathyroid gland (most rare)

this leads to stimulation of PTH and all four glands usually enlarged

secondary hyperparathyroidism

chronic hypocalcemia is caused by

renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), or malabsorption syndromes

most common cause of primary hyperthyroidism is

parathyroid adenoma

what is the only definitive treatment of parathyroid adenoma?

removal of adenoma

parathyroid adenoma ultrasound appearance include

most are solid, oval, homogeneous, hypoechoic masses

parathyroid adenoma is usually less than

3 cm, larger ones are greater than 5 cm

superior parathyroid adenoma is located

adjacent to posterior aspect of superior mid portion of thyroid

inferior parathyroid adenoma can be found close to

inferior pole thyroid to sternal notch

Enlarged hyper functioning parathyroid gland with no apparent cause

parathyroid hyperplasia

with parathyroid hyperplasia, only ____ may enlarge with remaining glands mildly affected or ____ glands may be enlarged

1, all

only ____ of patience with primary hyperparathyroidism have parathyroid carcinoma

1%

most are small, irregular masses, but get enlarged, become hard and adhere or invade surrounding structures

parathyroid carcinoma

parathyroid carcinoma labs have extremely elevated

serum calcium levels

parathyroid carcinoma, ultrasound appearance include

large mass with irregular or lobulated borders, taller than wide

parathyroid, carcinoma, ultrasound appearance: heterogeneous with increased

vascularity or internal cystic components

most common, 70% congenital anomaly that appears in midline of neck anterior to trachea

Thyroglossal duct cyst

Thyroglossal duct cyst have a palpable mass between

hyoid bone and isthmus

thyroglossal duct cyst are oval or spherical mass between

2-3 cm

thyroglossal duct cysts: remnant of tubular development of thyroid gland may persist between

base of tongue and hyoid bone

Thyroglossal duct cyst: failure to atrophy creates potential for _______ _______ to form anywhere along it

cystic masses

Thyroglossal duct cyst: narrow Hollow tract, which connects _______ ______ to floor of ______, normally atrophies in adult

thyroid lobes, pharynx