Didactique de Linguistique Appliquée

What is applied linguistics?

Studies language in real-life use, not as an abstract system

What does applied linguistics focus on?

Language learning/teaching, bilingualism, identity, power, discourse, interdisciplinary field

What are the didactics of language teaching?

A ‘crossroads discipline’ that combines linguistics, social sciences, education sciences, psychology, communication sciences

What are the early theories (50–60s)?

Behaviorism (Skinner), learning = stimulus-response

What did the early theories (50-60s) lead to?

Audio-oral method, repetition & drills, structuralism

Teaching is…

Memorizing structures

What were the ignored problems of the early theories (50-60s)?

Social context, learner individuality, was overly mechanical

What was the contrastive hypothesis (Lado)?

Compared L1 vs L2 to predict errors

What was the equation of the contrastive hypothesis (Lado)?

Differences = difficulty

What were the limits of the contrastive hypothesis (Lado)?

Not all errors came from L1, learners are not identical

What was the interlanguage theory?

A learner’s evolving language system (not L1 or L2)

What is the key idea of the interlanguage theory?

Errors = learning in progress, not failure

What are the 5 processes (Selinker)?

Language transfer (L1 influence), transfer of teaching, learning strategies (simplification), communication strategies, overgeneralization

What was the 5 processus (Selinker) a shift from?

Shift from language systems → language use, ideal speaker → real speakers in context

What is the equation of the verbo-tonal method (Guberina)?

Pronunciation errors = perception problems

What are the principles of the verbo-tonal method?

Hearing (perception), multisensory learning, proprioception (body awareness), dramatization (emotion + performance)

What are the techniques of the verbo-tonal method?

Rhythm, movement, gesture, body involvement, sound environments

What is embodied cognition (enaction)?

Learning = body + mind + environment

Language is…

Physical, emotional, social, a system of rules

What is communicative competence according to Chomsky?

Language = internal grammar, ideal speaker, competence ≠ performance

What is communicative competence according to Hymes?

Language = social use, competence = ability to communicate appropriately

What are some components of communicative competence?

Grammatical, discourse, sociolinguistic, strategic

What are the key ideas of communicative competence?

Language depends on context, social norms, interaction

In discourse and sociolinguistics, language is…

Social, contextual, situated

Examples of the genres of discourse

News article, poem, interview, debate

The text types of discourse

Narrative, descriptive, argumentative, explanatory, instructional

What does Bakhtin believe in dialogism?

All speech = influenced by others, language = multiple voices (polyphony)

Learners have…

History, identity, language biography

What is language repertoire (Gumperz)?

All the linguistic resources a person uses

Communication is…

Co-constructed, not fixed, built together in interaction

What is exolingual communication?

Speakers don’t share L1

What does exolingual communication lead to?

Simplification, repetition, negotiation

What are the functions of code/language-switching?

Fill gaps, express identity, add humor, emphasize meaning, include/exclude people

What is the concept of partial competence?

Don’t need full mastery to communicate

What is the new view of bilingualism?

Bilingual = one integrated system

What was the old view of bilingualism?

Perfect mastery of 2 languages

What is language awareness (EOLE)?

Expose students to language diversity

What does language awareness (EOLE) hope to develop?

Positive attitudes, motivation, metalinguistic awareness

What’s the purpose of using mixed-language text for an activity (Europanto)?

Use partial knowledge, develop inference skills, encourage collaboration

What were the observed learning strategies for using Europanto?

Skimming for meaning, using similarities between languages, ignoring unknown words, emotional reactions (confusion, curiosity)

What were the 4 pedagogical goals of using Europanto?

Value multilingualism, build confidence, encourage risk-taking, promote engagement