Bio 20 Photosynthesis

What is visible light?

A type of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye, typically within the wavelength range of approximately 380 to 750 nanometers

What is a photon?

A packet of light energy

what is the ultimate source of energy?

solar energy

Where does the energy conversion in photosynthesis occur?

The chloroplasts

What is an anabolic pathway?

A metabolic pathway that builds larger molecules from smaller units, consuming energy in the process (endothermic)

What are enzymes?

biological catalysts that reduce the amount of startup energy for reactions in metabolic pathways

what is a chloroplast?

a membrane bound organelle in green plants and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis

What are thylakoids?

flattened sacs in the chloroplasts membrane system

what is chlorophyll?

the pigment within plants that provide them with there green colour and traps solar energy

what is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → 6O2 + C6H12O6

What do the light dependent reactions release as a by product?

oxygen

What high energy molecules are produced front the light dependent reactions?

ATP and NADPH

what does the light independent reactions do?

transforms ATP and NADPH into G3P, which is used to create glucose

what is carbon fixation?

process of incorporating CO2 into carbohydrate molecules

what is the Calvin Cycle?

also known as the light independent or dark reactions. It is the second set of reactions in photosynthesis

what does PSII produce and how does it produce it?

PSII uses chemiosmosis to produce ATP

what does PSI produce?

PSI produces NADPH

where do free electrons go?

they are passed along to the reaction center to get excited

what does reduction mean?

gaining electrons in a chemical reaction

how are “lost” electrons replaced?

enzymes break down water molecules and take their electrons

what happens to electrons as they move through the electron transport chain?

electrons lose energy

what is chemiosmosis?

when a concentration gradient of protons is formed, it serves as a source of energy for ATP synthase to turn ADP into ATP

what are the 3 phases of the light independent reactions?

In order: carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of RuBP

which regions of the colour spectrum does chlorophyll best absorb?

red and blue

which carrier molecule is involved in photosynthesis?

NADP+

where do the light dependent reactions occur?

on the thylakoid membranes in the chloroplasts

where do the light independent reactions occur?

in the stroma of the chloroplasts

how does NADP+ become NADPH?

NADP+ enzyme gains an electron (gets reduced) to become NADPH

how is CO2 fixed to RuBP?

the enzyme called RuBisCo fixes them

how many carbons are in G3P?

3 carbons

what happens in the regeneration stage?

the remaining 5 G3P’s are used to regenerate the origional 3 RuBP’s

how many carbons are in RuBP?

5 carbons

What compounds are produced during the Kreb’s Cycle?

CO2 and ATP

What form is energy made immediately available for use by living cells?

ATP

The transformation at the end of the product of glycolysis occurs in the…

mitochondria

In aerobic respiration, the final electron accepting molecule in the electron transport chain is…

O2

What is the end product of pyruvate when fermentation occurs in yeast?

Ethanol

What is the end product of pyruvate when fermentation occurs in animal cells?

Lactate

List the parts of the plant able to undergo photosynthesis

Leaves, chlorophyll, chloroplast

List everything required to build one molecule of glucose

Light, H2O, CO2, ATP, NADPH

What is a catabolic pathway?

A metabolic pathway that releases energy (exothermic)

What does the mitochondria produce?

ATP

Where is chlorophyll located in the cell

thylakoids

Where do light dependent reactions take place?

thylakoids

Where do light independent reactions take place

stroma

What is the ion used to reduce ADP to ATP?

hydrogen

The molecule in the Calvin Cycle that combines with carbon dioxide is…

RuBP

How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are required to create one molecule of glucose?

2

What is the function of cellular respiration?

Make ATP

What does anaerobic mean?

without oxygen

What does aerobic mean?

with oxygen

What process makes direct use of oxygen

Electron transport chai

How is oxygen used in the electron transport chain?

it is used as the final electron acceptor

During glycolysis, what is glucose split into?

two pyruvate molecules

What is Acetyl CoA?

an enzyme that carries carbons into the Kreb’s cycle

How many carbon molecules are in the molecule formed when Acetyl CoA enters the Kreb’s Cycle?

2

In aerobic cellular respiration, most of the ATP is synthesized during…

electron transport

What does it mean to synthesize?

to combine two or more elements

Where does glycolysis take place?

in the cytoplasm

What is the first phase of the Calvin Cycle?

carbon fixation