AP HUMAN CRAM UNIT 5

im gonna struggle

Agriculture

The deliberate modification of the Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.

Why do agricultural practices vary around the world?

Cultural preferences, economic development, and the unique physical environment and climate of each region.

What do tropical climates typically grow?

Coffee, sugar pineapple

What do subtropical climates typically grow?

Rice, cotton, and tabacco

What do dry climates typically grow?

Cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and camels

What do mediterranean climates typically grow?

Grapes, olives, dates

What do warm mid-latitude climates typically grow?

Vegetables, fruits, and rice

What do Cold mid-latitude climates typically grow?

Wheat, barley, livestock, and dairy cows.

What are intensive agricultural practices?

Practices that often require less land, but require more capital and labor, and are traditionally located closer to larger population centers.

Examples of intensive agriculture are

Plantation agriculture, market gardening, and mixed crop/livestock farming

Plantation agriculture…

Found in periphery countries and former colonies located in tropical climates. -Grows coffee, sugar, tobacco, tea.

Market gardening….

Found in geographic areas that have longer growing seasons, such as the Southeastern part of the USA. Grows fresh fruits and vegetables.

Mixed crop/livestock gardening

Found in economically developed countries. Grows corn and soybeans.

Extensive agricultural practices

Practices that tend to use less labor and capital, require more land for the production of food, and are traditionally located farther away from population centers.

Examples of extensive agricultural practices are…

Shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching

Shifting Cultivation

Practiced in Tropical climates such as Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, or Southeast Asia. Crops planted continuously until land loses fertility.

Fallow

Arable land that has been set aside for a period of time to allow for nutrients to return to the soil (No crops are grown on the land during this time)

Nomadic Herding

In Central and southeast Asia or northern Africa. Herders move cattle, cheep, or goats.

Ranching

Located in areas where the land is not ideal for farming. Ranchers raise cattle far away from population centers.

Ranching is located

Where the land is less expensive, and farther away from the market and population centers.

Clustered settlement

A settlement that has very little space between different buildings

Dispersed settlement

A settlement that is not clustered together and has space between the different buildings

Linear settlement

An arrangement of buildings, or practice in a line.

Long lot survey method

A narrow parcel of land that traditionally connects to a waterway (Originally popular in Europe and areas that were settled by the French such as Louisiana and Quebec)

Metes and Bounds survey method

A boundary that is based on landmarks in a geographic area to create the boundary. Used in short distances and focuses on key features of a place. (Originally popular in England)

Township and Range survey method

A survey method that creates a grid pattern by creating rectangular parcels of land. Creates clear and distinct pieces of land. (Originally used in the United States)

Fertile Crescent

Where wheat, oats, and barley originated and diffused throughout the Middle East, Europe, and parts of Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

Where yams, coffee, and sorghum originated and began to diffuse down Southern Africa.

Central America

Where maize, potatoes, squash, and peppers originated, and began to diffuse through North and South America

East Asia

Where rice and soybeans originated and diffused through Japan and Korea

Southeast Asia

Where mangos and coconuts originated, and diffused through the East Indies and India

Neolithic Revolution

AKA: The first Agricultural Revolution, this is a time period in which humans shifted from hunters and gatherers to sedentary agricultural practices.

Columbian exchange

The transfer of Plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and New World

The Industrial Revolution

Lead to new inventions, and ways to produce different products, such as the cotton gin, seed drill, steel plow, grain elevators, and mccormick reaper/harvester

Enclosure Movement

A movement in England which took agricultural land that was publicly owned by the community and privatized it. (Countered the tragedy of the commons and increased food production)

The 2nd agricultural revolution

Just know this…

Due to the 2nd agricultural revolution

Less human labor allowed people to work in other industries. Allowed more agricultural output. Occurred during stage 2 of the Demographic transition model.

Cottage Industry

A small-scale business, typically operated out of a person’s home (Individuals typically use traditional techniques and tools to produce custom goods by hand)

During the Green Revolution

Society witnessed the succession of high yielding, genetically modified plants. Emergence of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides.

GMO (Genetically modified organisms)

Organisms whose genome has been altered to promote specific traits that allow for increased production in livestock crop farming

Fertilizer

A chemical or natural substance that when applied to the soil or land it increases the fertility of the soil.

Pesticide

A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms that are harmful to cultivated plants or animals.

Herbicide

A substance used for destroying unwanted vegetation

Dr. Norman Borlaug

The “Father of the Green Revolution” made efforts in Mexico with the objective of cultivating a new strain of wheat that can withstand the growing conditions of Mexican regions and yield higher production. Revolutionized agricultural production and food security

Pros of the Green Revolution

Increased yields for farmers, cheaper food for consumers, more food stability in the world, less need for human labor, and increased economic productivity.

Cons of the Green Revolution

Increased number of factory farms decreased number of family and small-scale farms, prioritized output and profits over environmental concerns and animal rights, and technologies and practices destroy local environments, increase soil depletion and erosion, and contribute to climate change. Also, decrease in biodiversity.

Subsistence Agriculture

Agricultual production that occurs with the intent to provide for the farmer’s family or local community. Output is for consumption not sale.

Commercial Agriculture

Agricultural production that occurs with the intent to sell the product for profit.

Extensive Subsistence Agriculture relies on

Minimal use of capital, fewer machines, greater reliance on human labor, and typically requires a larger amount of land.

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture relies on

Using less land, more human labor, machines, and maybe more capital

Bid Rent Theory

Looks at the price of land in relation to the distance from the city of urban area.

Order of bid-rent theory goods and services

Dairy, wheat, grazing, and waste

Most people would like to make the most money…

…while spending the least

Monocropping

The practice of cultivating one single crop year after year, farmers do not change the species of the crop or type of crop between growing seasons.

Monoculture

The practice of cultivating one single crop, livestock, or fish species at a period of time, farmers may switch the type of crop/livestock/fish after the harvest.

Commodity Chain

All of the different activities and processes that go into producing a product (Production, distribution, and sale of the product)

Economies of Scale

As a company grows it is able to reduce the average cost to produce its product (As companies get larger, they have access to more capital, which allows them to scale up production and produce more at a cheaper rate.)

Small farms

are getting consumed by larger farms because they cannot compete with pricing or production

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of people, animals, or crops that an area can support

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers divided by the total amount of arable land

Physiological Density

Total population divided by the total amount of arable land

Von Thunen’s Assumptions

All land is flat, there is one single market, all land has equal access to the market, farmers want to maximize their profit, and all of the land has similar site characteristics.

Von Thunen’s “Market”

Where agricultural products are sold, located in the center.

Von Thunen’s “Dairy and Horticulture”

Located in close proximity to the market, due to the perishable nature of their goods.

Von Thunen’s “Forest”

Providing heat, and ability to cook food. Wood is heavy and expensive to transport, so located closely outside of dairy and horticulture.

Von Thunen’s “Grains and field crops”

Needs space to grow, money can be saved by being further from the market, along with cheaper land prices. Not that perishable.

Von Thunen’s “Ranching and livestock activities”

Needs lots of land for grazing, furthest from market.

Von Thunen’s “Wilderness”

No commercial agriculture practiced. Too far from market to generate a profit.

Value-Added products

Products such as jams, cereals, and juices, which are made by combining different crops and agricultural products to create a product that is more valuable than the individual ingredients.

Interdependent

When two things, people, organizations, or countries are dependent on one another. (The actions or conditions of one entity have an effect on the actions or conditions of the other)

Commodity dependence

When a country has more than 60% of its total exports made up of just commodities. Countries that have this often see less economic development in other industries.

Wetlands

An area of land that is saturated with water, often consisting of marshes, swamps, or bogs.

Biodiversity

The variety of living things in a particular area (Includes types of animals, plants, and other living organisms)

Deforestation

The process of clearing a wide geographic area of trees and other vegetation.

Slash and burn

A farming method that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland to create a clear field for planting.

Soil Salinization

The process of salt accumulating in the soil making it difficult for crops and plants to grow.

Soil Erosion

The wearing away and displacement of the upper layer of soil due to human activities, water, wind, or other natural forces.

Desertification

The process by which arable land loses its fertility and becomes a desert.

Pastoral Nomads

A type of agriculture where herders migrate with their livestock.

Terrace farming

A method of agriculture that involves growing crops on the side of hills or mountains by creating terraces that are built into the slope.

After the Green Revolution

There was a drastic increase in the use of GMO’s, antibiotics, and fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides in food production.

New agricultural practices have been criticized…

for often using resources, such as water, at an unsustainable rate, as well as water pollution. This pollution causes harm to the wildlife and local ecosystems. Use of pesticides and herbicides also lead to soil degradation.

Agricultural Subsidies

A financial incentive or payment that is given by the government to farmers (Goal is to promote the production of certain products or promote certain practices)

Community-Supported Agriculture

A system of farming where consumers directly support local farmers by purchasing shares or subscriptions from the farmer in advance of the growing season.

Benefits of Community-Supported Agriculture

Reduces risk for farmers and contributes to a more stable agricultural system. Cuts down food miles

Food miles

The amount of distance food travels from production to consumption.

Urban Farming

Small scale farms located in urban and/or suburban areas that cultivate different agricultural products.

Urban farming helps…

Provide fresh food for densely populated areas

Organic Farming

Farming that focuses on producing food with natural methods without different chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth hormones, antibiotics, or GMO’s.

Organic Farming…

Reduces soil, water, and air pollution

Fair Trade Practices and Products

Products that consumers can buy directly from producers and farmers--Resulting in money going directly to the people who created the product or produced the food, instead of going to a large corporation.

Fair Trade Practices and Products allow for

The original growers to receive more of the products instead of selling to large corporations. These products are treated more favorably, and work under better conditions than those who work for multi-million national corporations. Allow for a more sustainable and equitable future for the food industry.

Value added crops

Agricultural products that have been processed in a way that increases their overall value (Final good is worth more than the individual resources) Mixes agricultural products to create a product that is more valuable than individual other products.

Examples of Value-added products are…

Jam, cereals, and jucies.

Value added crops typically involve…

Packaging, branding, along with addition of preservatives, to create a new finished product.

As countries begin to advance economically and progress through the Demographic transition model…

…Women begin to gain more opportunities within their societies.

Informal Economy

Economic activities and jobs that are often unregulated or protected by the government.

Examples of jobs in an informal economy

Street vendors, domestic work, unregistered small businesses.

In less developed countries, women often are malnourished due to

Inequality, poverty, limited access to education, and cultural practices.

When woman participate in the economy

There tends to be more economic growth and quality of life for everyone.