bio final exam

Name the clades and what is in them

• Osteichthyes: Actinopterygii, Sarcopterygii, and everything below

• Tetrapoda: Amphibia, Mammalia, Reptilia, Aves

• Amniota: Mammalia, Reptilia, Aves

Chordata share what 4 traits

• dorsal hollow nerve chord

• notochord

• pharyngeal slits

• post-anal tail

Chordata- Dorsal hollow nerve cord

fluid filled tube of nervous tissue

Chordata- Notochord

an elongated, flexible, cartilaginous supporting rod

Chordata- Pharyngeal silts

found in pairs, openings for feeding and respiration

what Chordata mean?

Chorda- chord/string/notochord

-ata (bearing, having)

where does the notochord develop

in part of the vertebral column, with remnants contributing to the intervertebral discs

where does the dorsal hollow nerve cord develop

develops into the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

where do pharyngeal silts develop

develop into parts of the ear, jaw, throat, and neck structures

where does post-anal tail develop

mostly reduced before birth, leaving the coccyx (tailbone)

the 3 subphylums of chordata and what species are included

• Urochordata: tunicates

• Cephalochordata: lancelets

• Vertebrata: craniates

subphylum Urochordata general information

• Tunicates

• only larvae have the 4 characteristics of Chordata

  • adults only retain pharyngeal slits in a large structures called the pharyngeal basket

• adults found attached to pilings, boats, rocks

Urochordata-tunic

noncellular covering of adults that gives them the shapeless blob appearance

Urochordata-incurrent and excurrent siphons

used to filter organic material through pharyngeal basket

Subphylum Cephalochordata

• Lancelets

• All 4 chordata traits are present in adults

Subphylum Vertebrata general information

• all 4 chordata are present at some stage in the life cycle

• the brain is at the anterior end of the nerve cord

  • enclosed by cranium composed of bone or cartilage

• In vertebrates the notochord is replaced by a vertebral column (bone or cartilage) that encloses the dorsal hollow nerve cord

Crainiates

are chordates that have a cranium, a skull-like structure around the brain

Vertebrates

are usually defined as animals that have vertebrae, the repeated bones or cartilages around the spinal cord

Infraphylum- Agnatha general information

• lamprey and hagfish

• jawless vertebrae

• most ancestral living vertebrates are lampreys

lamprey and hagfish have what

• eel-like with scaleless skin

• lack paired fins

• fully functional notochord as adults

• cartilaginous skeleton

Only lamprey separate characteristics

• Parasitic: suck body fluids from other vertebrates

• 7 gill openings

• Mouth structure: cone shaped which creates suction

  • teeth rasp the flesh of host

Only hagfish separate characteristics

• products made: “eel-skin” wallets, purses, belts

• produce slime as a defense mechanism against predators

Infraphylum Gnathostomata

• Jawed vertebrates

• have paired appendages

• evolution of jaw allowed major shift from filter feeding toactive feeding

Class Chondrichthyes general information

• sharks, rays, guitarfish, ratfish, skate

• placoid scales: sandpaper like

• heterocercal tail

• paired fins

• cartilaginous endoskeleton

• number of gill slits is reduced to 5

• males have claspers: modified pelvic fins

Class Chondrichthyes-lateral line

sense vibrations in the water

clade osteichthyes- operculum

flap that covers 4 internal gill slits to create a single external opening

clade osteichthyes- homocercal tail

dorsal and ventral halves are approximately equal in size

clade osteichthyes- swim bladder

gas-filled sac found on dorsal region of the coelom to provide buoyancy

Class Chondrichthyes- ampullae of lorenzini

sense electrical fields

Class Chondrichthyes- what provides them buoyancy

store oil in liver to increase buoyancy

• compensates for lack of swim bladder

superclass Agnatha- rays

cartilaginous support structures in the fins

superclass Agnatha- spines

bone, provide rigid support for fins and protection form, predators

superclass actinopterygii- general informaiton

• perch, tuna, salmon

• actino=ray

• -ptery= in or win

• actinopterygii= ray finned fishes

• fins supported mainly by rays, spines may also be present

superclass Sarcopterygii general information

• sarco- = flesh

• -pertyg = fin or win

• sarcopterygii= flesh finned (lobe finned) fishes

difference between actinopterygii and sarcopterygii

• actinopterygii: fins supported mainly by rays, spines may also be present

• sarcopterygii: fins are fleshy/lobed with interal bone and muscle

fish heart have what 2 chambers

atrium and ventricle

Clade tetrapoda

all four legged animals

Class Amphibia general information

• frogs, toads, salamanders

• smooth, moist skin that lack scales and claws

• aquatic larval stage with adults that is at least semi-terrestrial

• 3 chambered heart

• toad is applied to various frogs that have shorter legs, a hopping gait, and bumpy skin

  • all toads are frogs, but not all frogs are toads

Class Amphibia- feet adaptations

• webbed feet: swimming

• long back digits: digging

• adhesive pads: climbing

Salamander and lizard differences

salamander

• no claws or scales

• front/anterior foot has 4 digits

lizard

• claw and scales present

• front/anterior feet have 5 toes

Frog heart chambers

3 chambers= 2 atria, 1 ventricle

Clade amniota

• reptiles, mammalia, aves

• most forms hatch from a specially adapted amniotic egg

Clade amniota- shell

protection

Clade amniota- yolk sac

nutrition

Clade amniota- allantoin sac

waste disposal

Clade amniota- amnion

sac that houses water environment needed for development

Clade amniota- chorion

gas exchange

Class reptilia general information

• scaled

• clawed, 5 digits on anterior limbs

• tetrapods

• turtle shells made: keratin and bone

Snakes are classified as tetrapods, yet they lack legs.
What is the reasoning behind this classification? Are snakes the only limbless tetrapods?

• Snakes are most closely related to lizards. Both are amniotes with scales of b-keratin and males of both groups have paired copulatory organs called hemipenes.

• The glass lizard (legless tetrapod) is not a snake - it has eyelids and ear openings but snakes never have those.

Difference between venomous and poisonous snake

venomous

• vertical pupils

• facial pits between eye and nostril

• flat scales above eyes

• 2 sets of scales

Poisonous

• round pupils

• slender head

Class Reptilia- turtle general information

• have no teeth only beak and jaw

• M vs. F

  • Male: long, thicker tail, and concave plastron

  • Female: shorter, thinner tail, and flatter plastron

Class Reptilia- turtle shell

Shell: bone covered by keratin

• bone: formed from expanded ribs and vertebrae fused together

• keratin: outer plates covering the shell

Class aves general information

• birds

• feathers: specialized scales

• furcula: wishbone, made of fused clavicles, essential for attachment of flight muscles

• have wings

• beaks and feet help speculate diet and habitat

Class aves- beaks

• long beak: drilling wood for insects

• flattened beak: gathering submerged food

• nutcracker beak: for seeds

• hooked beak: tearing meat

• long thin bill: harvesting nectar

Class aves- feet

• webbed feet for swimming

• long curved talons for grasping prey

Class mammalia- features

• hair: some stage of lifecycle

• mammary glands: produce milk

• enucleated red blood cells: more efficient oxygen transport

• muscular diaphragm: separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

• dentaries: single pair of bones composing lower jaw (mandible)

• endothermic

Class Mammalia- hair length

• longer hair: living in colder climate

• shorter hair: living in warmer climate

• long tail hairs: fly swatter

Class Mammalia- horn and antler difference

horn

• grow continuously with annuli (growth rings)

• keratin over bone

• permanent

Antlers

• shed and replaced each year

• bone, but when growing it is covered by skin that produces hair

  • keratin over bone

Order Chiroptera- anatomy

nose leaf: fleshy structure around nostril

uropatagium: membrane between foot and tail

tragus: projection within ear

Ectotherms

• body temperature dependent on environment

• fishes, amphibians, reptiles

Endotherms

• generate body heat internally

• birds and mammals

Endothermy

capacity to elevate body temperature physiologically

Ectothermy

relying mainly on the environment to control body temp