Ap Euro 4

Triple Entente

The alliance before World War I between Great Britain, France, and Russia

Central Powers

The alliance in World War I led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

Lusitania

A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915

Zionists

People who supported the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Balfour Declaration

A 1917 British statement supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Alexander Kerensky

The leader of Russia’s provisional government in 1917 before the Bolsheviks took power

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

The communist state formed in 1922

Democratic centralism

Lenin’s policy in which party members could discuss issues

Brest-Litovsk Treaty

The 1918 treaty in which Russia left World War I and gave up large amounts of territory to Germany

Collective security

The idea that nations should work together to protect each other against aggression

Ataturk

The leader who founded modern Turkey and introduced reforms to modernize and secularize the country

Age of Anxiety

A term describing the uncertainty

Dawes Plan

A 1924 plan that restructured Germany’s war reparations and provided American loans to help Germany recover

Irish Free State

The self-governing state established in 1922 after most of Ireland gained independence from Britain

Friedrich Nietzche

A German philosopher who challenged traditional values and influenced modern thought

Salvador Dali

A Spanish surrealist artist known for dreamlike and bizarre paintings such as The Persistence of Memory

protectionism

The policy of protecting a country’s industries by placing tariffs or limits on foreign imports

Kulaks

Wealthier peasants in Russia who were targeted by Stalin during collectivization

Politburo

The top policymaking group in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Popular Front

An alliance of left-wing political groups formed to resist fascism in the 1930s

Munich Conference

The 1938 meeting where Britain and France allowed Hitler to take part of Czechoslovakia in hopes of avoiding war

Winston Churchill

The British prime minister during most of World War II who was known for his leadership against Nazi Germany

Battle of the Bulge

The last major German offensive on the Western Front during World War II

Battle of Britain

The 1940 air battle in which Britain defended itself against large-scale German air attacks

Tripartite Pact

The 1940 agreement between Germany

Algerian Crisis

A conflict between France and Algerian nationalists from 1954 to 1962 that led to Algerian independence

European Union

A political and economic organization of European countries that promotes cooperation

Kwame Nkrumah

The first prime minister and later president of Ghana who helped lead the country to independence from Britain

Pop Art

An art movement that used images from popular culture

Supranational Organization

A group or alliance in which member nations give up some power to a larger organization that can make decisions for them

Charles De Gaulle

A French leader who headed the Free French during World War II and later became president of France

Existentialism

A philosophy that emphasizes individual freedom

Margaret Thatcher

The prime minister of Britain from 1979 to 1990 known for free-market policies and a strong anti-communist stance

Prague Spring

A period of political reform in Czechoslovakia in 1968 that was ended by a Soviet-led invasion

Tehran Conference

A 1943 meeting of Roosevelt

Chechnya

A region in Russia that fought wars for independence after the fall of the Soviet Union

Gamal Abdel Nasser

The president of Egypt who promoted Arab nationalism and nationalized the Suez Canal

Mikhail Gorbachev

The last leader of the Soviet Union who introduced reforms called glasnost and perestroika

Preemption

A policy of striking or acting first against a perceived enemy threat before that threat can attack

UN Security Council

The United Nations body responsible for maintaining international peace and security

Dirigisme

A system in which the government plays a strong role in directing the economy while allowing private ownership

Irish Republican Army

A nationalist group that used violence in an effort to end British rule in Northern Ireland

Modernism

A cultural movement that broke with traditional forms and experimented with new styles in art

Slobodan Milosevic

The Serbian leader associated with nationalism and the wars in the former Yugoslavia during the 1990s

Velvet Revolution

The peaceful 1989 movement that ended communist rule in Czechoslovakia

Enlargement Fatigue

A reluctance within the European Union to keep expanding by adding more member nations

Konrad Adenauer

The first chancellor of West Germany who helped rebuild the country after World War II

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

A military alliance formed in 1949 between the United States

Sputnik

The first artificial satellite

Vladimir Putin

A Russian leader who has served as president and prime minister and is known for restoring centralized power in Russia