Cell injury, adaptations, and maladaptive changed

What is etiology?

Original causes of cell alteration or disease

What are etiologies agents?

Causes of the cell alteration or disease (infection, trauma)

What is histology?

Microscopic study of tissues

What is biopsy?

Sample for histological analysis

What is an autopsy?

Examination of tissue from a deceased organism

What is a pathognomonic changes?

Unique, identifying disease presentations

What is atrophy?

Cells revert to smaller size due to reduction in metabolic demand (paralysis causing shrinkage of skeletal muscle)

What is hypertrophy?

Increase in individual cell size

What is physiological hypertrophy?

Cell enlargement with adequate supporting tissues (enlargement of cardiac cells with exercise training)

What is pathological hypertrophy?

Increase in cell size, without increase in support structures (enlargement of heart tissue due to hypertension)

What is hyperplasia?

Increase in number of cells, only happens in cells capable of mitosis. May result from hormonal stimulation and may evolve into maladaptive compensation (when cell number increase too much. Ie: keloid formation)

What is metaplasia?

Replacement of one cell type with another due to a genetic reprogramming to ensure cell survival (lower esophageal cells transform from squamous epithelium to columnar stomach like cells)

What is dysplasia?

Deranged cellular growth that is often a result of chronic inflammation or a precancerous condition. These cells vary in size, shape, and organization compared with normal (ex: cervical dysplasia detected by Pap test)

What is neoplasia?

New growth, disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled cell growth (cancerous), often call a tumor, can be benign or malignant

What is a benign neoplasm?

Cells resemble normal cells that are well-differentiated, do not metastasize, and have well-defined borders

What is a malignant neoplasm?

Cells that appear different from normal ones, they are poorly differentiated, have increased likelihood of metastasis, and have poorly defined borders.

What is hypoxia?

Diminished oxygen to cells due to ischemia, problems with RBCs, or pulmonary issues. This causes cells to enter anaerobic metabolism, increasing lactic acid levels.

What is a free radical injury?

Contain unpaired electrons which interact with and disrupt the plasma membrane, these are formed during aerobic metabolism. Also known as reactive oxygen species.

How to cells protect against free radical injury?

Series of enzymes, superoxide dismutases

What is oxidative stress?

When protective measures are overwhelmed

What are some examples of physical injury?

Lacerations, falls, temperature extremes, burns, electrical shock

What is endogenous chemical injury?

Within. Elevated ions. Example is high blood glucose

What is exogenous chemical injury?

Outside, drugs, pollutants, smoking.

What are some examples of infectious agents of injury?

Bacteria, fungi, parasites

What aer injurious immunological reactions?

Autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation

What happens if there is a nutritional imbalance?

Cells can not function without proper amounts of macromolecules, vitamins, and minerals

What are fat soluble vitamins?

Vitamins A,D,E,K

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death that is an organized process that does not cause inflammation or adverse affects to surrounding tissue

What is a result of decreased apoptosis? What about increased?

Decrease: prostate cancer

Increase: spinal muscular atrophy

What is necrosis?

Cell death due to injury that is an irreversible process (membrane disintegrates, lysosomal activation and autolysis), initiates inflammatory reaction

What is infarction?

Ischemic necrosis that is a death in the tissue resulting from prolonged ischemia (example: myocardial infarction)

What is gangrene?

Prolonged ischemia, infarction, and necrosis. Bacteria (clostridium perfringens) emits gas as it destroys tissue.