Histology and Cell Biology Lecture Notes

Question-and-answer flashcards covering cartilage, epithelial and connective tissues, blood and bone cells, bone microstructure, and major cell organelles.

Which type of cartilage has a glossy matrix with chondrocytes in lacunae and no visible fibers?

Hyaline cartilage

Name two common locations where hyaline cartilage is found.

Nose, trachea, and the ends of long bones (any two)

Which cartilage resembles hyaline but contains visible elastic fibers?

Elastic cartilage

Give two body parts where elastic cartilage is located.

External ear and epiglottis

Which cartilage contains thick collagen fibers, fewer lacunae, and is found in intervertebral discs?

Fibrocartilage

Where can fibrocartilage be found besides intervertebral discs?

Pubic symphysis

What loose connective tissue contains a variety of cells such as fibroblasts and mast cells and lies under epithelium?

Areolar tissue

Which epithelium consists of multiple flat cell layers and lines the mouth and esophagus?

Stratified squamous epithelium

What epithelium changes shape, has rounded cells on top, and lines the bladder?

Transitional epithelium

Which epithelium appears layered but all cells touch the basement membrane and often bears cilia?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What simple epithelium is a single layer of flat cells found in alveoli and blood vessels?

Simple squamous epithelium

Which simple epithelium is composed of cube-like cells with round nuclei and is found in kidney tubules?

Simple cuboidal epithelium

What bone cell is found inside lacunae within bone tissue?

Osteocyte

Which cell type is found inside lacunae of cartilage?

Chondrocyte

What is the name of a fat cell that contains a large lipid droplet?

Adipocyte

Which blood cells lack a nucleus and have a biconcave disc shape?

Red blood cells (RBCs)

What general term refers to blood cells that possess nuclei, including lymphocytes and neutrophils?

White blood cells (WBCs)

Which WBCs have multilobed nuclei and act as first responders to infection?

Neutrophils

Which WBCs have large nuclei with little cytoplasm and are key to adaptive immunity?

Lymphocytes

What tiny channels in bone connect adjacent osteocytes?

Canaliculi

Name the central passageway in an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves.

Central canal

What is the structural unit of compact bone called?

Osteon

What concentric rings of bone matrix surround the central canal?

Lamellae

Which organelle stores DNA and controls cellular activities?

Nucleus

Which organelle packages and modifies proteins for secretion?

Golgi apparatus

Which organelle produces ATP through cellular respiration?

Mitochondrion

Which network studded with ribosomes is responsible for protein synthesis?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)

Which organelle synthesizes lipids and performs detoxification?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)

What vesicular organelle digests waste materials and old organelles?

Lysosome

What cylindrical structure aids in the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division?

Centriole