(BSCI 260) Week 7 - Respiratory Infections, Digestive System, & Antimicrobial Agents

Whcih infection is the most common to affect humans?

Respiratory Tract Infections

what causes RTI

bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa

The upper RTI is full of normal flora? TorF

True

what characteristic does the Upper RTI have

it is exposed to the open, ciliate protects it (nose, throats and more)

what composes the lower RTI

the larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes and alveoli

Why does the Lower RTI have less normal flora?

because it jas a ciliary escalator that helps prevent microbes from reaching the lung

Respiratory Mucous contains…

IgA Abs

flora of the Upper RTI contains

potenital pathogens

Streptococcal Pharyngitis includes…

Streptococcus Pyogenes- pharyngitis/ step throat

Streptokinases lyse clots

Streptolysins are cytotoxic

The bacteria S. Pharyngitis is the most causative agent for

strep throat

The causative agent for Scarlet Fever is…

Streptococcus Pyogenes (toxin: Erythrogenic toxin)

the causative agent for Diphtheria is

Corynebacterium Diphtheria

the membrane of a diphtheria consists of

fibrin, dead tissue, and bacteria

Diphtheria toxins are produced by

lysogenized C diptheriae

Otitis Mediais a viral infection of the…

Upper RTI; when pus accumulation causes pressure

S. pneumonia is the most common agent for which infection?

Otitis Media; it is treated with antibiotics and vaccine

The most common causative agent for the common cold is?

Rhinovirus

Why is it hard to make a vaccine against the common cold?

Because the antigen changes and adapts

Lower RTI bacteria, fungi and viruses can cause

Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis, and Pneumonia

Whooping cough is caused by…

Bordetella Pertussis

The three phases of Whooping cough are…

Catarrhal Stage: cold like symptoms

Paroxysmal Stage: Violent coughing sieges &

Convalescene Stage: Symptoms slowly reced

Bordatella Pertussis is a gram..

negative cocobacillus

Tuberculosis is caused by

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (an intracellular paraiste)

How Tuberculosis unique?

the organism is resistant to drying and disinfectant and it is also very infections (one organism is all it takes)

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is an …

acid fast rod; transmitted from human to human

how is Tb diagnosed

with a tb skin test; followed by x ray or ct

how is tb treated?

multiple antibiotics and vaccines

Bacterial Pneumonia causes

Streptococcus Pneumoniae (a gram positive encapsulated diplococci) Penicilin is the drug of choice

Haemophilus Influenzae Pneumonia is a

gram negative coccibaccilus

Why might HIP come to be

alcoholism, poor nutrition, cancer, diabetes +

Mycoplasma Pneumonia is the smallest/ largest free living organism known

smallest

Mycoplasma Pneuominae is a

pleomorphic, wall less bacteria that causes primary atypical pneumonia and walking pneumonia; most common in younglings

Legionellosis Pneumophila is a

Fastidious Gram negative rod

Legionella causes

Legionnaires disease and Pontiac Fever

Psittacosis a.k.a Ornithosis causes

Chlamydia Psittaci

Chalmydia Psittaci is a

gram negative obligate intracellular bacterium that has a unique developmental cycle

Chlamydial Pneumonia is caused by and other characteristics are

same name; transmitted human to human typically in young adults with cold/ flue like symptoms

Q fever is caused by

Coxiella Burnetti

Viral Pneumonia can be hard to detect because

it presents itself as complications with influenza, measles or chickenpox

Respiratory Syncytial Virus is

common in infants; presents itself with intense coughing

How is RSV treated?

Ribavirin

RSV causes

cell fusion (syncytium) in cell culture

Influenxa is caused by

Influenza Virus

the mortality rate for Influenza is

1% due to secondary bacterial infections; there is a vaccine however for high risk patients

the treatment for Influenza is

Amantadine and Rimantadine

In Influenza the H vs N spikes

Hemagglutin - are used for attachment to host cells while

Neuraminidase spikes are used to release a virus form the host cell

In Influenza Type A vs B vs C

A- causes most epidemics

B-causes moderate and local outbreaks

C- causes a milder disease

The two classes of Influenza antivirals are

Adamantine (amantadine & rimantadine)

Neuraminidase Inhibitors (oseltamivir(a.k.a Tamiflu) & zanamivir)

Histoplamosis is caused by

Histoplasma Capsulatum(thermally dimorphic fungus)

The treatment for Histoplasmosis is

amphotericin B

Coccidioidomycosis is a

Dimporpic Fungus endemic in Cali that caused the San Jauquin Valley Fever

How does Coccidioidomycosis appear

in tissue as spherules

Pneumocystis jiroveci (P. carinii) is found in healthy human lungs because

it is an opportunistic fungus

Wher does Pneumocystis jiroveci (P. carinii) mainly occur

in newly infected infants & individuals that are immunosupressed

the treatment for Pneumocystis jiroveci (P. carinii) is

Timethroprim-sulfamethoxazole

Blastomycosis is caused by

Blastomyces Dermatitidis, a thermally dimorphic fungus

the treatment for Blastomycosis is

amphotericin B

In the digestive system which part has the most microorganimss

the mouth(over 300 species) and large intestine

Periodontal Disease is a

chronic gum disease

Periodontal Disease occurs when

acute necrotizing ulcerative ginigivitis caused with Prevotella Intermedia and Sphirocetes

The causative agents for Periodontal Disease

Streptococcus spp. Actinomycetes and various anaerobic bacteria

GI tract infection (bacterial disease of lower digestive syst) is caused by

growth of a pathogen in the intestines

Intoxication of the GI tract infection results from

ingestion of performed bacterial toxins

Symtoms of Bacterial Disease of the lower digestive system are

diarrhea, gastroenteritis and dysentry

Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by

Staphylococcus Aureus

Enterotoxin is a

superantigen

Enteric Bacterial Pathogens include

• Salmonellosis

• Salmonella typhi

• Bacillary Dysentery

• E. coli gastroenteritis

• Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

• Yersiniosis

Salmonellosis is caused by

the numerous species of Salmonella; animal sources

Salmonellosis has a less then 1% mortality rate because

of septic shock caused by endotoxin

Salmonellosis is caused by

salmonella enterica serovars such a S. enterica typhimurium

The salmonella typhi causative agent is

Typhoid Fever

Bacillary Dysentry is caused by

Shigella spp.m

the 4 species of Shigella Spp. are

Sh. Dysentry, Sh. Flexnerie, Sh. Boydii and Sh. Sonnei

Bacillary Dysentry is unique because

it is closely related to e.coli and caused via. human infection only

Shigella spp. produces

Shiga Toxin

Shiga toxin causes

inflammation and bleeding

E. coli gastroenteritis is caused by

strains of e.coli that are invasive or toxigenic

Enteropathogenic E.coli (epec) can cause

epidemic diarrhea in hospital nurseries; travelers diarhea

Enterohemoryhagic E.coli is the cause of

hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome

Yersiniosis is caused by

yersinia Enterocolitica and Yersinia Pseudo-tuberculosis

Yersiniosis is transmitted via

many animal sources; via contaminated meat and milk; and it often mimic appendicitis

Cholera is caused by

vibrio cholerae a classical toxin producer

Cholera characteristics are

symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea and extreme fluid loss

primary treatment: replacement of fluid and electrolyte loss

mortality rate: 50% in outbreaks

Non cholerae Vibrios occurs when

ingestion of contaminated crustaceans or mollusks

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus is the most common cause

gastroenteritis in Japan

Campylobacter Enteritis is caused by

Campylobacter Jejuni and C. coli

C. Enteritis characteristics are

the leading cause to foodborne illness (animal sources)

in association to Guillain Barre Syndrome

Helicobacter (peptic ulcer disease)

helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is the cause of

gastric and duodenal ulcers

Clostridial Food poisoning is caused by

Clostridium perfringens, a spore forming gram positive anaerobic bacillus

Clostridial characteristics

caused by meat products; it grows in the intestinal tract and produces an exotoxin

Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis charcateristic

produces a toxin; gram positive spore forming aerobic bacillus; it is from contaminated rice dishes

the mumps virsus is a

repiratory tract; inflammation of parotid glands; prevented by the MMR vaccine

Hepatitis is

inflammation of the liver

Hep A vs E

A: infectious Hepatitis; acquired from contaminated food or water; with vaccine

E: infectious NANB Hepatitis; transmitted fecal oral route; highly mortal route for pregnant woman

Viral Gastroenteritis is

Rotavirus and Norovirus; treated via rehydration

Fugal Diseases of the digestive system include

Ergot Poisoning and Aflatoxin Posioning

Ergot poisioning charcaterics are

Claviceps purpurea; Mycotoxin on cereal grains

Aflatoxin Poisoning characteristic are

theu are produced by Aspergilus Flavus; myotxocin on grains and peanuts; the toxin causes liver damage

Protozoal Diseases are

Giardiasis- Giardia Lamblia

Amebic Dysentry- Entamoeba Histolytic

Cryptosporidiosis- Cryptosporidium Parvum

Cyclospora Infection: cyclospora Cayetanensis