Urogenital System Infections Flashcards

Flashcards about urogenital system infections.

Urogenital System

Consists of the urinary tract and reproductive system, prone to infection due to openings to the external environment and the presence of normal flora.

Dysbiosis of Microbiota

An imbalance in the normal microbial community that can lead to urogenital tract infections.

Common UTIs

The most common bacterial infection worldwide, with millions of cases each year.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Infections transmitted through sexual contact, with approximately 20 million new cases reported annually in the United States, half of which occur in the 15-24 age group.

Nephron

The functional unit of the urinary tract responsible for filtering blood and removing water and dissolved compounds.

Kidneys

Should be sterile, according to the lecture, meaning that catheter urine samples should be sterile.

Lactobacillus

A good gram-positive rod that makes up 90% or greater of the normal microbiota in the vagina, producing antibacterial peptides and lactic acid.

Estrogen

Regulates glycogen availability, promoting lactobacillus growth and lactic acid production, lowering vaginal pH.

Cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder, commonly caused by UTIs.

Urethritis

Inflammation of the urethra, commonly caused by UTIs.

Pyelonephritis

Infection of the kidneys, a more serious condition that may develop from a UTI, with systemic signs and symptoms.

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomeruli of the nephrons, characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, and red blood cell casts in the urine.

Vaginitis

Inflammation of the vagina, associated with overgrowth of bacteria or fungi that displace the healthy bacteria.

Bacterial Vaginosis

Characterized by a thin, gray discharge with a fishy odor.

Yeast Infection

Characterized by intense itchiness and a cottage cheese-like discharge.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Infection of the female reproductive organs, including the uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, often caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis.

Salpingitis

Inflammation of the fallopian tubes, a form of PID that can cause infertility.

Uropathogenic E. Coli

A common cause of UTIs in women due to its proximity to the urethra and vagina.

Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)

The CDC’s preferred term referring to when an STI progresses to an actual disease state.

Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)

The World Health Organization’s (WHO) preferred term that encompasses infections that result in disease as well as those that are subclinical or asymptomatic.

Cystitis symptoms

Dysuria, blood in the urine, and pus in the urine (pyuria).

Urine Analysis

Involves a dipstick test to look for high nitrite levels and leukocyte esterase, indicating the presence of E. Coli and neutrophils, respectively.

Clean Catch

A method of collecting urine sample.

Sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins

Common antibiotics used to treat UTIs.

D-mannose

The main ingredient of Eucora, is a supplement that helps bind E. Coli bacteria and sweep them out with urine.

Gross Hematuria

Blood in the urine, typically indicates a kidney infection.

Urethritis

May be gonorrheal (caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae) or non-gonococcal (NGU), often associated with STIs.

Non-gonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

Urethritis unrelated to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, often caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

Chlamydia trachomatis

The most frequently reported STI in the United States, often asymptomatic but can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease.