Chest wall and mediastinum

Jugular Notch

Xiphoid Process

Coastal Margins

Thorax

The part of the body between the neck and the diaphragm, containing the lungs and heart, protected by the rib cage.

Suspensory retinacula

Connects the breast glands to the dermis

Lactiferous Ducts/Sinus

Carry and store milk from glands to nipple

Gland lobules

Milk producing units of the breast. Arranged like clusters of grapes, each human breast contains 15 to 20 lobes comprised of many smaller lobules. They consist of secretory sacs (alveoli) and are linked to ducts that transport milk to the nipple

Functions of lymphatic system

Collect and return lymph to blood, absorb digestive fat, production of lymphocytes (immune cells), filtration of antigens and erythrocytes

How does lymph flow

unidirectionally towards the heart

Tunica media of lymph vessels

Middle layer of lymph vessel wall, contains smooth muscle

Lymph nodes

Small, round aggregates of tissue that filter lymph using macrophages

Macrophages

Large white blood cells that act as the body's cleanup crew and frontline defenders. They patrol tissues, engulfing dead cells, cellular debris, and pathogens through a process called phagocytosis.

Superficial location of lymph nodes

Cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions

Deep locations of lymph nodes

abdominal aorta, and along illiac arteries (near groin)

Spleen

a fist-sized organ in the upper-left side of your abdomen, just beneath the rib cage. It acts as a blood filter and a core part of the immune system

Cisterna chyli

a major temporary reservoir for lymphatic fluid. It acts as the primary origin of the thoracic duct

Chest wall muscles

Protect the thoracic viscera and help with limb movement

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

Serratus anterior

External intercostals

responsible for active inhalation

Internal intercostals

responsible for forced exhalation; slightly deeper and face the heart

Serratus anterior

“Boxer’s muscle” responsible for pushing, punching, and lifting arms overhead

True ribs

Ribs 1-7

False ribs

Ribs 8-10

Floating ribs

Ribs 11 &12

Costal cartilage

cartilage that connects ribs to sternum

Sternum

Manubrium

Sternum body

Intercostal space

empty area between two adjacent ribs

Costochondral joint

Stiff, cartilaginous connection between the bony part of your rib and the costal cartilage

Jugular notch

U shaped depression at base of neck situated between collarbones

Clavicular notch

Connects collar bone to breastbone

Costovertebral joints

Connections between the ribs and the thoracic spine/vertebral column

Sternocostal joints

Connect the first seven ribs to the sternum

Angle of rib

Area of sharpest curvature, near the spine, near where rib is most susceptible to fracture

Tubercle

Small bony bump on posterior of rib

Rib Neck

Flattened section of rib located laterally to the spine

Rib shaft

Long flat curved main section of rib

Costal grove

Where the neurovascular structures run on the inferior aspect of ribs

Anastomosis

A connection between two tubular structures to maintain flow, supplying the same structure

Thoracic Aorta

Main and largest artery, supplies oxygenated blood to ribs

Veins

Bring deoxygenated blood back to heart

Posterior intercostal artery

Run in the intercostal groves of each rib, back side

Anterior intercostal artery

Run in the intercostal groves of each rib, front side

Internal thoracic artery

Runs vertically down the ribcage, connects to anterior intercostal arteries

Intercostal veins

Drain the thorax into the internal thoracic vein or the azygous system

Azygous vein

Runs vertically up the spine carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart, connected to interc

Intercostal thoracic vein

Runs vertical down the inside of the rib cage connecting the internal thoracic veins

Costochondral joint

Connect rib cage to cartilaginous structure

Transversus thoracis

Thin flat muscle on inner surface of anterior chest wall

Superior vena cava

Vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the body to right atrium of heart

Mediastinum

Medical compartment of thorax, sits between the thoracic vertebrae t1-t12

Superior thorax compartment

Top of thorax, between t1 and t4

Anterior mediastinum

Where thymus is located

Middle mediastinum

Where heart, pericardium and roots of great vessels are

Posterior mediastinum

Where esophagus, azygous veins, Aorta, trachea, thoracic duct and autonomic nerves are

Diaphragm

Primary muscle of respiration, contracts inferiorly to create negative pressure

What nerves innervate the diaphragm

C3 to c5

Pericardium

Double welled sac that encloses the heart

Phrenic nerve

Paired nerves that originate in the neck from cervical spine c3-c5 and innervate diaphragm

Thymus

Immune system gland that involutes and regresses into adipose with age. Two lobed. Site of t cell development and maturation.

Cortex

In thymus lobules, densely cellular

Medulla

Part of thymus, less cellular, central part

Thymic (Hassalls corpuscles)

Lamellar rings of keratinized epithelial cells in the medulla of the thymus

Thymic environment

Fibroblast (connective tissue), adipocyte, thymic epithelial cells