Philosophy Semester 2 Study Guide

Justice

giving people what they deserve or what is fair.

Fairness

treating people equally and appropriately.

Plato

justice is harmony and everyone fulfilling their proper role.

Thrasymachus

justice is the advantage of the stronger.

Aristotle

similar cases should be treated similarly.

Distributive Justice (Aristotle)

fair distribution of benefits and burdens.

Corrective Justice

restoring balance after wrongdoing.

John Rawls

justice as fairness.

Veil of Ignorance

deciding justice without knowing your social position.

First Principle (Rawls)

equal basic liberties for everyone.

Second Principle (Rawls)

inequalities are acceptable only if they benefit the least advantaged.

Robert Nozick

justice depends on how goods were acquired and transferred.

Principle of Acquisition

obtaining property fairly.

Principle of Transfer

transferring property voluntarily.

Principle of Rectification

correcting past injustices.

Social Justice

fair opportunities and benefits for all members of society.

Commutative Justice

fairness in exchanges and contracts.

Procedural Justice

fair procedures create fair outcomes.

Retributive Justice

punishment proportional to wrongdoing.

Restorative Justice

repairing harm and restoring relationships.

Power

the ability to influence others or control outcomes.

Erich Fromm

power over others differs from the power to act.

Political Power

legitimate authority exercised by the state.

Social Power

influencing people's behavior and thinking.

Grounds of Power

wealth

Visible Power

openly recognizable authority.

Domination and Submission

master-subordinate relationship.

Asymmetry

one person depends on another.

Symbols of Power

uniforms

Michel Foucault

power exists through social institutions and control.

Sovereign Power

obedience to rulers and laws.

Disciplinary Power

control through institutions and surveillance.

Norms

social rules that define acceptable behavior.

Panopticon

prison model representing constant surveillance.

Surveillance

people control themselves because they may be watched.

Power of Language

language shapes perceptions and social reality.

Law

rules that regulate and protect human freedom.

Rule of Law

laws apply equally to everyone.

Objective Law

the actual legal system and legislation.

Subjective Right

individual rights and freedoms.

Jurisprudence

the study of law.

Tradition

customary rules accepted by society.

Legislation

laws created by the state.

Constitution

the highest legal authority.

Moral Norms

voluntary principles guiding internal behavior.

Legal Norms

compulsory rules regulating external behavior.

Internal Relations

emotions

External Relations

actions and social interactions.

Moral Sanctions

criticism and disapproval.

Legal Sanctions

punishments enforced by law.

Natural Law

law connected to morality and human nature.

Legal Positivism

law is valid because it is created by authority.

Positive Law

law established by society and the state.

John Locke

freedom exists through law.

Law Has No Retroactive Force

laws apply to the future.

Freedom and Law

freedom is limited to protect others' freedom.

Collectivism

prioritizing the group over the individual.

Common Good

welfare of the community.

Interdependence

people depend on one another.

Social Responsibility

duties toward society.

Confucius

emphasized harmony and proper relationships.

Filial Piety

respect for parents and elders.

Ren

compassion and humaneness.

Li

proper behavior and social rules.

Harmony

social order and stability.

Karl Marx

capitalism causes exploitation.

Bourgeoisie

owners of production.

Proletariat

working class.

Class Struggle

conflict between social classes.

Communism

classless society with collective ownership.

Communitarianism

communities shape identity and values.

Michael Sandel

criticized excessive individualism.

Charles Taylor

identity is formed within communities.

Alasdair MacIntyre

shared traditions are necessary for morality.

Strength of Collectivism

social cohesion and equality.

Weakness of Collectivism

possible suppression of individual freedom.

Existentialism

philosophy of freedom

Existence Precedes Essence

humans create themselves through choices.

Jean-Paul Sartre

humans are radically free.

Søren Kierkegaard

father of existentialism.

Being-in-itself

existence of objects.

Being-for-itself

human consciousness and freedom.

Dasein

Heidegger's term for human existence.

Being-in-the-world

humans always exist within relationships.

Will (Schopenhauer)

irrational force driving existence.

Will to Power (Nietzsche)

drive for growth and self-overcoming.

God is Dead

traditional values have lost authority.

Freedom

humans are condemned to be free.

Anxiety

awareness of freedom and choice.

Anguish

awareness of total responsibility.

Bad Faith

denying one's freedom.

Authenticity

accepting freedom and responsibility.

Conformism

blindly following society.

Being-toward-death

awareness of mortality.

Ayn Rand

rational self-interest and Objectivism.

Responsibility

every choice shapes who we become.

Confucius

Chinese philosopher emphasizing harmony and social duties.

Plato

justice is social harmony and proper roles.

Aristotle

justice means treating equals equally.

Karl Marx

society is shaped by class struggle.