apes soil test

permeability is how fast water drains through soil

if too high the soil dries out
if too low the roots dont get water or drown

what is permeability of soil

porosity is the pore space within a soil ( more sand more porous)
higher/more porosity= higher/more permeable

what is the porosity of soil

sand- highest permeability
silt - medium permeability
clay-lowest permeability

what is the permeability of each of the major types of soil

sandy loam- mainly sand
silty clay loam- mainly silt and clay

what is the difference between sandy loam and silty clay loam

convergent (subduction ) and transform boundaries (slip)

what type of plate boundaries are likely to be at the site of earthquakes.

divergent plate boundaries (mid ocean ridge) and convergent plate boundaries (subduction zone)

what type of plate boundaries can make volcanos

grassed waterways and buffer strips

what agricultural practices could improve waterways nearby

Increased Turbidity, increased pollution and sedimentation in streams and rivers, clogging waterways and causing declines in fish and other species. And degraded lands are also often less able to hold onto water, which can worsen flooding

what are direct impacts of soil erosion on waterways

water with suspended matter in it (looks cloudy)

what is turbidity

- New oceanic crust forms along mid-ocean ridges at divergent plate boundaries, Mid atlantic ridge, Pacific Antarctic ridge, Southwest Indian ridge, Chile ridge ….

what are the locations where new crust is beinf formed

Hawaii, Iceland, Galapagos

where do hot spots occur

clay

what soil material is used in landfills

organic are made by nature (peat moss, wood chips) Inorganic are mined or man made (vermiculite, pea gravel) Compost wood products before using them as amendments

what is organic vs inorganic way of amending soil

added to sandy soil increases water retention

what is sphagnum peat moss soil amendment

Egg shells, Lime, crushed lime stone can make acid soil basic

what can be mixed with low ph soil to amend it

Peat moss, sulfur can make soil more acidic

what can be mixed with high ph soil to amend it

How long it will last, salt content and pH of amendment, soil texture, and soil salinity

what helps determine what amendment to use

Soil remediation is a way of purifying and revitalizing the soil. It is the process of removing contaminants in order to protect both the health of the population and the environment.

what is soil remediation

Soil washing is a process that uses surfactants and water to remove contaminants from the soil.

what is soil washing

Bioremediation involves the use of living microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, to break down organic pollutants in the soil.

what is bio remediation

heat is used to increase the volatility of contaminants, so that they can be separated from the solid material. The contaminants are then either collected or destroyed

what is thermal desorption

This is the production of fertilizers by combining nitrogen and hydrogen to synthesize ammonia

haber bosch process

Soil Conservation Act of 1935

Established fundamental protections that laid the groundwork for soil conservation efforts after poor farming practices caused the Dust Bowl disaster.

The practice of limiting how much you disturb the soil during agriculture.

No-Till Agriculture

Soil where all the pore spaces are filled with water

Saturated

Subduction Boundary

Plates moving towards each other, but happens when one plate is more dense than the other.

Transform Boundary

Plates moving side-by side past each other, the western coast of America is an example.

Divergent Boundary

Plates moving away from each other, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example.

Continental Collision Boundary

Plates moving towards each other, both plates have equal densities.  Mountain ranges are produced this way.

Crop Rotation

Seasonally alternating which crops you grow in a field to protect soil nutrients and soil structure.

Growing a secondary crop on your field after harvest to protect disturbed soil and improve nutrients.

Cover Cropping

Explains why there is volcanic activity in the middle of tectonic plates

Hotspots

Amendment

Adding something to the soil to give it better properties

Weathering

The physical and chemical breakdown of rocks and minerals

Erosion

The transport of sediment from one place to another by wind, water, glaciers, or gravity

Terracing

Great way of preserving water and limiting soil erosion when you are using farmland on slopes.