bio final

independent variable (MIX)

changed by scientists (manipulated/independent/x-axis)

Dependent variable (DRY)

variable measured (dependent/response/y-axis)

what is a hydrogen bond

weak attraction between polar molecules

why is water polar

oxygen attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen

what is cohesion

water sticking to water

what is adhesion

water sticking to other substances

what is capillary action

water moving upward through narrow spaces

what is surface tension

strong surface layer caused by cohesion

what is specific heat

amount of energy needed to change temperature

what does hydrophilic mean

water-loving

what does hydrophobic mean

water-fearing

hydroxyl

-OH

amino group

NH2

carboxyl

-COOH

carbonyl

C=O

macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

carbohydrates monomer

monosaccharides

main function of carbohydrate

quick energy

what are lipids made of

glycerol and fatty acids

main function of lipids

long-term energy storage

what is a phospholipid

main component of cell membranes

examples of lipids

fats, oils, waxes

what is the monomer of proteins

amino acids

main function of protein

structure and cell functions

examples of proteins

enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin

what is the monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides

what do nucleic acids store

genetic information

example of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

what is dehydration synthesis

builds polymers by removing water

what is hydrolysis

breajs polymers by adding water

what are the three parts of Cell Theory

all living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; cells come from existing cells

what is a prokaryote

cell without nucleus

what is a eukaryote

cell with nucleus

function of nucleus

stores DNA and controls cell

function of nucleolus

makes ribosomes

function of ribosomes

protein synthesis

frumction of Golgi apparatus

packages and ships proteins

function of mitochondira

ATP production

function of chloroplasts

photosynthesis

function of lysosomes

digestion and recylcling

function of vacuole

storage

function of cell membrane

controls movement in and out

function of cell wall

support and protection

what is ATP's job

stores and releases energu

what happens when ATP loses a phosphate

energy is released

ATP becomes what after losing a phosphate

ADP

what is diffusion

movement from HIGH to LOW concentration

what is osmosis

diffusion of water

what is facilitated diffusion

diffusion through protein channels

what is active transport

movement against concentration gradient

what happens in hypertonic solution

cell loses water and shrinks

what happens in a hypotonic solution

cell gains water and swells

what happens in an isotonic solution

no net water movement

equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + light -------> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen)

what does photosynthesis occur

chloroplasts

equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) ---------> 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + ATP

where does cellular respiration occur

mitochondria

what is an enzyme

protein catalyst

what is a substrate

molecule enzyme acts on

what is the active site

region where substrate binds

what is denaturation

loss of enzyme shape and function

caused by high temp or extreme pH

what is chromatin

loos DNA wrapped around histone proteins

what is a chromosome

condensed DNA visible during cell division

what are histones

proteins that DNA wraps around

what is a sister chromatid

one of two identical copies of replicated chromosome

what holds sister chromatids togehter

centromere

what is a homologous chromosome pair

matching chromosomes, one from each parent

what is a gene

segment of DNA that codes for a trait

what is an allele

alternative form of a gene

diploid

two sets of chromosomes (2n)

haploid

one set of chromosomes (n)

human body cells are diploids or haploids

diploid

human gametes are diploid or haploid

haploid

what is the purpose of the cell cycle

growth, repair, and reproduction

what are the main stages of the cell cycle

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

which stage occupies most of the cell cycle

interphase

what happens during G1

cell growth

what happens during S phase

DNA replication

what happens during G2

preperation for division

what happens druing M phase

mitosis and cytokinesis

what is mitosis

division of the nucleus producing identical cells

why do organisms perform mitosis

growth, repair, asexual reproduction

how many daughter cells result from mitosis

two

are daughter cells genetically identical

yes

are daughter cells haploid or diploid

diploid

PMAT

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

what happens during prophase

chromosomes condense and spindle forms

what happens to the nuclear membrane in prophase

it breaks down

what happens during metaphase

chromosomes line up in the middle

what happens during anaphase

sister chromatids separate

what happens during telophase

new nuclei form

what is cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm

what is cancer

uncontrolled cell division

what is meiosis

cell division that productions gametes

where does meiosis occure

ovaries and testes

how many daughter cells result from meiosis

four

are meiosis daughter cells genetically identical

no

Are meiosis daughter cells haploid or diploid?

haploid

what is the purpose of meiosis

produce gametes and genetic variation

what separates during meiosis I

homologous chromosomes