endocrine lab quiz

Hormone

a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action

endocrine

secrete hormones into bloodstream

exocrine

secrete hormones/substances into ducts/organs/surface of the body

trophic hormone and example

hormones that are released after being stimulated by another hormone

• ACTH → stimulates adrenal cortex

• PRL → stimulates milk, feel good

• TSH → stimulates thyroid gland to release T3/T4

• GH → stimulates cell division, protein synthesis

biogenic

water-soluble (except thyroid hormone), derived from amino avid that is modiste ( e.g. tyrosine) → norepinephrine, melatonin

protein

water-soluble, consists of amino acids chains, three subgroups (small peptides, large polypeptides, glycopeptides) → antidiuretic hormone, insulin, glucagon

steroid

lipid soluble formed from cholesterol → estrogen, progesterone

thyroid stimulating hormone

• released from anterior, stimulates development of thyroid gland and secretion of thyroid hormones

follicle stimulating hormone

anterior, one of two gonadotropins, stimulate testes and ovaries to produce testosterone and estrogen

luteinizing hormone

anterior, one of two gonadotropins, stimulate male and female gonades, released by GnRH

adrenocorticotropic hormone

, anterior, acts on the adrenal cortex to cause release of corticosteroids (cortisol)

growth hormone

• anterior, regualtes and controls growth

prolactin

anterior, produced by lactorophs, production of breast milk

oxytocin

posterior, stretching of uterus, milk production

antidiuretic hormone

posterior, no pee

thyroid hormone

• t3 and t4, set basal metabolic rate, thermogreulation, growth and development, synergism with SNS, → made from follicle cells and stimulated from TSH

calcitonin

parafollicular cells, stimulated by increased CA and secrets calcium ion

parathyroid hormone

parathyroid hormone, chief cells , increase concentration of calcium ions in the blood

mineralocorticoids: aldosterone

zona glomerulosa, maintains concentrations of extracellular sodium and potassium with in range

Glucocorticoids: Cortisol

zona fasciculata, metabolic homeostasis,

Gonadocorticoids: Androgens

zona recticularis: hormones same as sex hormones on small scale

Catecholamines: Norepi and epi

adrenal medulla, simulations from preganglionic sympathetic neurons and ACTH, increase rate and force of hear contractions

insulin

beta cells , lowers level of glucose in blood

glucagon

alpha cells, increase levels of glucose in the blood

estrogen

ovaries; stimulates production of secondary sex hormones

progesterone

varies; prepare body for pregnancy

testosterone

testes; bone growth and secondary sex characteristics

inhabiting

Acromegaly

• enlarged hands, feet, sweating, fatigue, weak, limited mability

• elevate levels of insulin like growth factor

addisons disease

• tireless, salt cravings, weight loss

• low sodium, high potassium, high ACTH, low, cortisol in the blood

cushing syndrome

• backache, anxiety, muscle weakness, extra fat deposit on the back of the next and upper back, irregular mental cycle

• too much cortisol

hypoglycemia

• low glucose levels

• abnormally low blood sugar levels following 72 hrs fasting

diabetes insipidus

• very thirsty, large amounts of pale urine,

• normal blood glucose level, no glucose in the urine, low ADH level in blood

hyperparathyroidism

• excessive thrust, weak or broken bones, fatigue, nausea

• too much parathyroid hormone

hypoparathyroidism

• neural excitability with tenting (muscle spasms) and convulsions

• not enough parathyroid hormone

hyperthyroidism

• elevated body temp, extreme sweating, nervousness, rapid heart rate, weight loss, irregular mental cycle in females

• high thyrozine and low TSH in the blood

hypothyroidism

• tiredness, sensitive to cold, dry skin, weight gain, puffy hair,

• low thyroxine and high TSH in the blood

Gigantism

• large body stature with increased height compare to peers; muscles and organs may be enlarged as well

• high GH levels and high insulin like growth factors

Grave’s disease

• elevated metabolic rate, eating, irregular hear rate, weight loss, protrusion of the eyeball and nervousness

• too much thyroid hormone

Pituitary Dwarfism

• large forehead, smaller body parts

• -hypo secretion of growth hormone, lowered GF levels in the blood

PCOS

• acne, unwanted hair growth, weight gain, fatigue, infertility, mood changes, sleep problems

• elevated levels of testosterone and LH, low levels of RSH in blood

Type I diabetes Mellitus

• frequent unirations, excessive thirst

• glucose in urine, elevated blood glucose, islet cell in the blood

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

• request urinations, excessive thrist

• glucose in urine, elevated glucose levels, no islet cell antibody in the blood