HD Exam 3- Adulthood

History Normative events begin to have a bigger impact on what stage of adults? Why?

History normative events- societal challanges impact emerging adults directly instead of through their families bc they are more independent

ABLE Act

Achieving a better life experience act. Allows people who have a disability established before the age of 46 to open a tax free savings account to help save money for disability related expenses while maintaining eligability for other financial supports. Important because people with disabilities have additional financial burdens. One weakness of this act is that it limits the amount of money individuals can put in their account, not really allowing them to save enough money for a years worth of expenses.

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984 (VAEHA)

VAEHA requires voter registration and all polling locations used in federal elections to be physically accessible or provide an alternative means of voting such as main-in ballots. This increases voter turn out in persons with disabilities and people over 65 which is important because their vote is what will influence the changes they need in the world. One weakness in this act is that it fails to fully address non-physical barriers to voting and therefore continues to place limits on persons with other disabilities.

Cohort Effect

change that characterizes a population born at a specific time, social, Alwin/McCammon attitudes established young/maintained, social change occurs gradually between generations

What did the australian study of adults beliefs show about boomers?

they had opposite opinions regarding traditional values on family, gender, and religion

Generation Y

1980s-90s, kidss of baby boomers, values fam/career, women enter workforce, change in normative social/cultural expectations that previously defined adulthood (career/fam), 1st gen to become familiar with tech

Emerging adulthood (arnett)

between adolescence/adulthood, no kids/financial independence, rely on fam, explore education/jobs, prolongued period of identity/job development

Early adults face social challanges with

energy and enthusiasm

Traditional milestones of early adulthood (18-30s) (no longer average experience today)

finishing school, leaving home, marriage, children, finaancial independence

Physical performance peaks in…

early adulthood

Physical Function Early Adulthood

peak physical status/optimal health but peridoxical period bc risky behavior (accidents, obesity, drugs)

Edgework

desire to live on the edge resulty in behavior like extreme sports (not the same as reckless behavior)

Quarter Life crisis

emerging/early adulthood, locked in- feel trapped in adult role, locked out- feel unable to enter adult role

Early Adulthood Brain/NS

peak performance, adult by 25, prefrontal cortex fully matures, inc self regulation, less plastic, neurogenesis continues but slower- hippocampus

Early Adulthood Sensory Function

peak acuity, good sensory functioning support high level working memory

Sensory processing / disorder

complex neurobiological functioning that enables the brain to understand what is happening inside/outside of the body, a disorder emerges in childhood when the body cant organize signals into appropriate responses

Early Adulthood Cognition

fluid intelligence peak, better able to consider mult view points at once, understand/appreciate criticism, integrative/personal/practical, “achieving stage”

Erikson stages through adulthood

Early adulthood: intimacy vs isolation, middle adulthood: generativity vs stagnation, late adulthood: Ego integrity vs dispair

Schaie & Willis 7 stages of age-related cognitive development

kid- aquisitive, then movement thru stages not about age abt development/skills: achieving, responsible, executive, reorganizational, reintegrative, legacy creating

achieving stage (schaie + willis)

early adulthood, previously aquired knowledge used to establish oneself in the world

responsibility stage (schaie + willis)

when adult establishes/is in charge of family

executive stage (schaie + willis)

broaden focus form personal to community/social domains, not all people function at this level (requires opportunity + intrinsic ability)

Fluid intelligence

ability to process and problem solve in novel situations independent of aquired knowledge, peak ealry adult, begin decline in 30s

Crystallized intelligence

applying previously gained knowledge/LTM to decide how to respond/solve problems, improves through early/middle adulthood

Health equity

the study of healthcare across dif populations

Early adulthood domestic life

aquisition f necesities (CF), place to live, not uncommon to move 4+ times, household maintanence, assisting others

Early Adulthood Relationships

formal: employment/social parties with mutual affiliation/goal, informal: friend group, intimate: physical, nonverbal, self-disclosure, emotional intimacy, commitment, mutuality, not just romantic, romantic

Ginzberg’s developmental theory of vocational choice

childhood fantasy period, adolescence tentative period, early adulthood experimentation of career category + exploration process

supported employement

help individuals with disabilities participate in competitive job market by finding job and providing ongoing support

Sex vs Gender

chromosome/relative hormone basis, social categorization

Define the following gender identities:

cisgender

transgender

nonbinary (queergender)

gender fluid

bigender

agender

cisgender- same as assigned at birth

transgender- different than assigned at birth

nonbinary (queergender)- not exclusive to one gender category

gender fluid- multiple gender categories depending on context

bigender- identify with two genders

agender- not identify with any gender

gender typing

process of gender socialization during development

gender-typed

behaviors/things stereotyped to a given gender

cross-gender typed

behaviors contrary to those stereotyped for a persons gender

gender non-conforming

kids who are highly cross-gender typed, “tomboy”

Gender difference

more similarities, few differences, highly variable within group, motor abilities, gendered typed play, physical aggression, trivial

gender segregation

prefer to play with same gender emerge in preschool, temperment/soc/cog influence, emerge at same time as gender identity, peer pressure, rejection

Gender in middle childhood

attain gender constancy (not tied to physical appearance), highly gender typed but flexibility exists

Gender in Adolescence

gender rol rigidity/intensification, internalization of gender roles, discrimination, AND gender role relaxation/flexibility, flexible attitudes/interests

Structure of Intelligence (organization of interrelated abilities)

factor (ability measured by mult tests) primary (cluster of factors) secondary (even more theoretical)

Middle Adulthood age general range

40s-60s, established adult roles: family, career, community participation

Middle age developmental tasks

extended caregiving/family responsibilities, maintain standard of living, be proud of accomplishments, adjust to physiological changes

3 types of age

biological, psychologyical (adapt/problem solve/cope), social (habits/beliefs/attitudes, with the times?)

Sandwhich generation

middle age adults caring for their parents and children

Occupational balance

how satifying/fullfilling and compatible with their goals/values someones job is

Body function/structure in middle age

generally good physical/mental performance, gradual age related declines, menopause

Middle Adult Brain/NS

neurogeneisis balanced by shrinking of hippocamus, cortex, and cerebellum (doesnt dramatically impact functioning, diet/exercise can reduce)

Risk factors for cognitive decline in middle adulthood

hypertension, T2D, high cholesterol

Middle Adulthood Cognition

peak: inductive reasoning, spatial orientation, vocab, and verbal memory, dec: perceptual speed and numerical reasoning (women reach peak performance 10 years after men)

Middle Adulthood Sensory Function

decline, noticeable changes in vision and hearing but no major impairment until late adulthood

Absolute threshold vs Difference threshold

smallest detectable level of stim, vs smallest detectible incriment of change

Middle Age Vision

need more light to see (dec: lens transperancy, light entering eye, and macular neurons), less effective accomodation, and presbyopia (ciliary cchange for lense curve dec), most need glasses 40s-50s

Middle Adulthood Skeletal Change

bone remodeling balance shift to more loss than formation after 35, osteoporosis (most common bone disease in middle adulthood), osteoarthritis

Middle adulthood Hearing

presbycusis (most common, notice at 60), sensorineural hearing loss (prolongued exposer to loud noise damage cochlear hairs)

Middle adulthood muscular change

30-40 BMI increase, bone density dec, 40-65 change not in strength but in contractions, dec flexibility

Sex differences in CV fitness

physical activity more strongly influences CV of men, physical inactivity plays a more substantial role in disease risk for women

leadng cause of morbidity/mortality in middle/late adulthood

cardiovascular disease

Health risks (aging-associated diseases)

hypertension, cardiovascular diseaase, diabetes, cancer

Common causes of disability in adults

arthritis, lower back pain, CVD, mental/emotional pain

Stages of Reflective Judgement

• Pre-reflective Reasoning: believe authority figure or firsthand observation rather than evaluation of evidence, “I know bc I see”/”its on the news” clear/correct answer 

• Quasi-reflective reasoning: knowledge contains uncertainty, use evidence but don’t fully trust “are we sure scientists aren't making this up” nothing certain/everything =subjective 

• Reflective Reasoning: knowledge = constructed, analyze mult viewpoints/evidence, reevaluate thoughts 

McAdams Life Story

narrative your tell yourself/keep rewriting throughout life

MAPS model

metacognition, agency, and possible selves, model for sense of control/agency

Personal Control Beliefs throughout life

primary control low then high in middle age then low, secondary control inc in middle age and stay high

Haase Primary vs Secondary Control

primary: behavior aimed to impact outside world, secondary: internal behavior (self belief)

Social baseline theory

friends become part of our self-definition and influence our brain (less fear in trialing situations) 

Assortative mating theory

find partners based on similarities

Exchange theory (marriage)

happy marriage when both parties feel they are contributing evenly

When do the different types of ages (chronological, social, etc) start to really matter?

middle adult when someone at 60 can seem older or younger

When is life considered most intense, demanding, and rewarding?

midlife

How does emotional integration change over adulthood?

as adults get older prefrontal lob and ant insula and amygdala more integrated, so logical thought and emotions more integrated

Neural efficiency hypothesis

smarter ppl process info more efficiently, areas of weaker activation are much fewer than dumb ppl

emerging adults judge a person more harshly when the negative information is presented ________

older adults judge a person more harshly when the negative info is presented _________

second (think abt last), first (integrate all)

Possible selves

represent what we could become, good and bad

ICF model review

homogamy

similarity

Vulnerability-stress-adaptation model (marriage)

marital quality = dynamic process of couples ability to adapt/handle stress based on vulnerabilities/resources

Who said: people work for more than money, they want to do something meaningful

schwartz

Meaning-mission fit

companies whose employees agree with their mission work better

Holland’s Job Theory

people choose jobs based on individual traits and occupational interests, influenced by 6 personality types (investigative, social, realistic, artistic, conventional, enterprising)

What is SCCT based on?

Banduras social cognitive theory

Social cognitive careet theory (SCCT)

career based on 4: self efficacy, outcome expectations, interests, and choice goals (what you want to achieve), second version includes supports and barriers

What accomodations can help middle adults?

improve lighting and better visual contrast

Super’s developmental view of occupations

self concept/job adaptation: implementation, establishment, maintenance, decleration, retirement

Supers 5 developmental tasks (career dev)

crystalization, specification (teen), implementation (20s), stabilization, consolidation (middle/late adulthood)

Selingo 3 type of people (in relation to careers)

sprinters (always know what wanted to do), wanderers (less certain, change majors), stragglers (drift after high school)

Reverse, Reciprocal, and Micro mentoring

more senior becomes mentee, roles switch depending, mentor for one specific task

2 problems that can occur lower job satisfaction

alientation: feeling like one cog in the machine, burnout

Vallerand’s passion model

obsessive passion: uncontrollable urge to participate, all eggs in one basket, burnout, harmonious passion: freely engage, accept as less important/no contigencies, balance with other activities

Glass ceiling

upward limit for minorities

Glass cliff

minority only given leadership position in time of instability (when company isn’t doing well)

boomerang generation

leave the home then come back again before leaving again, not associated with a specific generation

boomerang employees

leave company and return often as contractor with less benefits

Career plateauing

lack of challange/promotional opportunity, reskilling + upskilling

climacteric

point at which women loose reproductive ability

Stress and Coping Paradigm (Lazarus)

stress is not based on stimulus/event but how we interpret/react, primary appraisal filters/categorizes info, secondary appraisal is percieved ability to cope/do something about it, reappraisal

Problem Focused vs Emotion focused coping

tackle problem head on vs deal wth feelings about event

Pragmatics (crystalized) + Mechanics (fluid) over time

more apparent in middle adulthood, mechanic decline in late adulthood

Expert performance peaks in…

middle age

5 factor model of personalities

Neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, fairly stable over time

TESSERA model

explains how short term things loop/add up to long term personality, triggering situation, expectancy, state/state expression, reaction