Unit 2- AP psych -social psych

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
AKA the i knew it all along phenomenom

overconfidence

a cognitive bias characterized by an overestimation of one's actual ability to perform a task successfully. Excessive certainty in the accuracy of one's beliefs.

percieving order in random events

People perceive patterns to make sense of their world
AKA gamblers fallacy

attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

dispositional attribution

the person's stable, enduring traits, personality, ability, emotions

situational atribution

attribute it to the situation

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
*mistakenly
*only when judging others

attitudes

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. Uses snap judgement/emotional cues to persuade

central route persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts-logical arguments to win people over

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

ex: since I was already out picking up clothes, my mom asked me to go pick up dinner for the family

Door-in-the-face Phenomenon

technique used to get compliance from others in which a large request is made knowing it will probably be refused so that the person will agree to a much smaller request.
Ex: I asked my dad for $100 knowing he would say no, then asked for $20 which he agreed to.

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Stanford Prison Experiment

Philip Zimbardo's study of the effect of roles on behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play either prisoners or guards in a mock prison. The study was ended early because of the "guards'" role-induced cruelty.

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

ex: I think i'm a good student and honest with my work. my friend was in need of my homework answers so i gave them to her. I changed my behavior by telling the teacher what happened.

norms

understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior

chameleon effect

UNCONCIOUS mimicry of the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors. one's behavior pasively and unintentionally changes to match that of others in one's current enviornment.

social contagion

the tendency for people to mimic the behavior of others who are either nearby or whom they have been exposed to.

mood contagion/linkage

describes how people who observe emotions and feelings of another tend to copy those emotions/feelings sharing of moods.

ex: I was tired but i hung out with my friends, who were in an energetic mood, so I became energetic too.

postive herding

a phenomon of individuals deciding to follow others imitating positive behaviors
ex: In sporting events, positive herding is when everyone starts doing the wave

conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Asch's conformity experiment

demonstrated the degree to which an individuals own opinions are influences by those of a majority group.

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informative social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

ex: i read positive reviews of a restaurant on yelp so i booked a reservation

Stanley Milgram's Obedience Study

study showing a person willingly harming another solely because an authority figure was there telling them to do so- used a shock board

social control vs. personal control

-social control: power of the situation
-personal control: power of the individual

minority influence

a form of social influence that is attributed to exposure to a consistent minority position in a group

social facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

*key= wanting to be anonymous

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

when having an opinion and talking to someone w the same opinion- you become even more opinionated on the subject.
share an attitude with like minded people

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Discrimination

in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Microaggressions

a subtle, often unintentional form of prejudice.

ex: not sitting next to someone, giving a certain look, etc

explicit bias

negative attitude against a specific group that is CONCIOUSLY held

implicit bias

negative attitudes against a specific group that is UNCONCIOUSLY held-not aware of it

just world phenomenom

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Ingroup vs. Outgroup

Ingroup is the people with whom we share a common group identity. Outgroup are those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own group

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races
AKA cross-race effect and the own-race bias

availabity heuristic

the tendency to estimate the frequency of an event by how readily it comes to mind

victim blaming

the perception that victims are responsible for their own fates

Agression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression

social script

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Passionate Love vs. Companionate Love

passionate love: an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

companionate love: the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

self-disclosure

the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility)

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

social-responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

social traps

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

self-fulfilling prophecies

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

grit

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

-i give up something, you give up something-we can compromise easily