Comprehensive Gastrointestinal System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Hormonal Regulation

Which layer of the GIT is responsible for secretion and absorption?

Mucosa

Which plexus primarily controls motility?

Auerbach plexus

Which cells secrete HCl?

Parietal cells

Intrinsic factor is required for absorption of:

Vitamin B12

Pepsinogen is secreted by:

Chief cells

The main function of bile is:

Emulsify fats

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the:

Jejunum

Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the:

Ileum

The large intestine primarily absorbs:

Water and salts

Which division increases digestive activity?

Parasympathetic

Salivary amylase digests:

Starch

The stomach converts bolus into:

Chyme

Which hormone is released by G cells?

Gastrin

Which hormone stimulates gallbladder contraction?

CCK

Which organ produces bile?

Liver

Which organ stores bile?

Gallbladder

Pancreatic bicarbonate functions to:

Neutralize acidic chyme

The esophagus is lined with:

Stratified squamous epithelium

Peristalsis is best described as:

Wave-like propulsion

The stomach has how many muscle layers?

3

Which section receives chyme from the stomach?

Duodenum

Which cells secrete gastrin?

G cells

Which cells secrete pancreatic enzymes?

Acinar cells

Kupffer cells are found in the:

Liver

Which structure stores feces?

Rectum

Which sphincter prevents reflux?

Inferior esophageal sphincter

The functional unit of the liver is the:

Lobule

Peyer patches are found in the:

Submucosa

Which plexus mainly controls secretion?

Meissner plexus

What does pepsin digest?

Proteins

The first site of carbohydrate digestion is the:

Mouth

Which organ is both endocrine and exocrine?

Pancreas

The main role of the jejunum is:

Nutrient absorption

Which hormone decreases gastric secretion in the intestinal phase?

Secretin

Which vitamin is produced by gut bacteria?

Vitamin K

Internal anal sphincter is:

Smooth muscle

External anal sphincter is:

Skeletal muscle

Which organ contains villi?

Small intestine

The main function of the ileum includes absorption of:

Bile salts

Which organ is posterior to the trachea?

Esophagus

Which phase begins with smell or sight of food?

Cephalic phase

Which phase begins when food enters the stomach?

Gastric phase

Which phase begins when chyme enters the duodenum?

Intestinal phase

Cirrhosis affects the:

Liver

Pernicious anemia results from lack of:

Intrinsic factor

The cecum is part of the:

Large intestine

Which organ receives bile and pancreatic juice?

Duodenum

What is the main purpose of insoluble fiber?

Stimulate colon movement

The visceral peritoneum is part of the:

Serosa

Which is the MOST important large intestine function?

Water absorption

Which stomach cell secretes intrinsic factor?

Parietal cell

Which structure increases small intestine surface area the most?

Villi and microvilli

Which organ detoxifies blood from the GI tract first?

Liver

What is the primary function of CCK?

Contract gallbladder and stimulate pancreatic enzymes

Secretin primarily stimulates the release of:

Bicarbonate

Which layer directly contacts food in the lumen?

Mucosa

What is the main function of the duodenum?

Receive chyme, bile, and pancreatic juice

Which organ absorbs most water from indigestible material?

Large intestine

Which movement mixes chyme back and forth in the intestine?

Segmentation

What is the function of bile salts?

Emulsify lipids

Which organ stores glycogen?

Liver

Which enzyme begins protein digestion?

Pepsin

Which intestinal section is shortest?

Duodenum

Which cells of the pancreas make digestive enzymes?

Acinar cells

Which reflex is triggered by stomach stretch?

Gastric reflex

Which structure prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing?

Epiglottis

Which vitamin deficiency is linked to poor bile absorption?

Fat-soluble vitamins

What is chyme?

Acidic semi-fluid digested food

Which organ primarily absorbs bile salts?

Ileum

Which cells line liver sinusoids as macrophages?

Kupffer cells

Which structure suspends much of the small intestine?

Mesentery proper

Which part of the large intestine comes after the ascending colon?

Transverse colon

Which hormone is released in response to proteins in the stomach?

Gastrin

Which accessory organ concentrates bile?

Gallbladder

Which GI layer contains the myenteric plexus?

Muscularis externa