TOXICOLOGY

Mortality
Tetranogenicity
Carcinogenicity
Mutagenicity

4 Measures of Toxicity

LD50 LC50

2 Measures of Mortality

Oral Derma Inhalation

Primary Route of Exposure

Oral

Any exposure to pesticide which occurs when the chemical is taken in through the mouth and passes through the gastrointestinal tract.

Dermal

Most common route of human exposure

With proper hygiene this type of exposure is generally not serious unless there is a specific, rapid toxicological effect (often eye effects) which is of concern

Inhalation

When breathed into the through nose or mouth, significant route for aquatic organisms

Acute Chronic Subchronic

3 Duration of Exposure

Acute

Application of a single or short-term (generally less than a day) dosing by a chemical

Chronic

Expression of toxic symptoms only after repeated exposure to a chemical in doses regularly applied to the organism for a time greater than half of its life-expectancy

Subchronic

Toxic symptoms are expressed after repeated applications for a timeframe less than half the life expectancy of the organism – but more often than a single dose or multiple doses applied for only a short time

Caution Warning Danger

Signal Words

Caution

All pesticides with an LD₅₀ of greater than 500 mg/kg must display this word on their label

Relatively nontoxic

if LD50 is (>5,000 mg/kg)

slightly toxic

if LD is (500 – 5,000 mg/kg)

Warning

reflects an intermediate degree of relative toxicity

All pesticides with an LD₅₀ of greater than 50 and less than 500 mg/kg must display this word on their label

Pesticides in this category are classed as “moderately toxic”

Danger

” reflects the highest degree of relative toxicity

All pesticides with an LD₅₀ of less than 50

 mg/kg must display this word on their label

Pesticides here are classed as “highly toxic”

Poison

Legally defined term – not just anything you don’t like
Any pesticide with an LD₅₀ of 50 mg/kg or less
Labels must reflect this classification
Label also must display the skull and crossbones icon

Relative Toxicity

Organisms can’t differentiate between “natural” and “synthetic” chemical

Growth

means gradual increase

Digestion of old cuticle

Secretion of new one

Shedding of undigested cuticle

Insects attain size through Molting which is

Exuvia

Undigested cuticle

Metamorphosis

change in form

Instar

Development stage of an insect

Stadium

interval of time passed in metamorphosis

Ecdysone

hormone responsible for molting

Apolysis

Separation of epidermal cell from cuticle

Imago

Final instar or adult with functional wings

Pharate

when two exoskeleton are still attached

Apolysis Ecdysis

2 events of molting

Development

series of change from lower to higher stage

Embryonic Development

Development within the egg called

Post Embryonic Development

development even after hatching

Bisexual

Act of reproducing of insects

Parthenogenesis

“virgin birth” in bee ant and aphids

Digestive system

system responsible for the extraction of nutrients and substances

Digestion

the break down process of food

Alimentary Canal

tube like enclosure from mouth to anus

Stomodeum Mesenteron Proctodeum

3 Parts of Alimentary Canal

Cibarial Muscle

muscle responsible for the suction of food and enlargement of pharynx

Cibarial Pump

the suction pump mechanism in insects

Esophagus

simple tube that connects pharynx to crop

Peristalsis

food passes into the esophagus by means of

Proventriculus

tooth like dentricles that pulverizes food particles

Stomodeal Valve

controls the flow of food from stomodeum to mesentron

Intima

cell lining in the foregut that protects from abrassion by food particles

Mesenteron

digestion of food and absorption happens in

Gastric Caecae

provides extra surface are for the secretion of enzymes and absorption of water

Ventriculus

rest of the midgut is called

microvilli

increases surface are for absorption is

ventriculus

primary site of food digestion

Cardial Epithelium

the midgut is lined with semi permeable membrane called

Pyloric Valve

regulate flow of material and made from chitin fibrils

Proctodeum

Places crutial role in absorption of water and salts and in homeostasis

Malpighian tubules

excretory organ that removes nitrogenous waste

6 rectal pads

responsible for the recovery of water

ileum rectum colon

3 parts of excretory organ in some insects

Open

type of circulatory system in insects

hemolymph

term for the blood of insects

90% plasma

10% homocytes

composition of hemolymph

Dorsal Vessel

major structural component of CS situated from thorax to abdomen

Dorsal Vessel

referred as the heart of an insect

Ostia

Valve that separates the chamber of the heart

Peristaltic contraction

this movement forces the blood to move from chamber to chamber

Diastolic phase

relaxation of intima

Dorsal Diaphragm

from by alary muscle of the heart and related structure, seperates pericardial and perivisceral sinus

Ventral Diaphragm

Covers the nerve cord, separates perivisceral and perineural sinus

Tracheole

special cell that provides thin and moist interface fro exchange of gas

carbon dioxide

Waste product of cellular respiration

Taenidia

thin re-enforcing wire if the cuticle that prevents collapse and winds spirally

Air sacks

Absence of taenidia allows the formation of collapsible

Aorta

simple tube that connects heart to head

ribulose trehalose glycerol

prevents the freezing of blood

Respiratory System

responsible for the delivery of oxygen to all cells in the body

Cellular respiration

the process that removes CO2

Tracheal system

complex network of tubes in RS

Spiracle

valve like opening in exoskeleton responsible for the entry of air

Endocrine system

system responsible for chemical messengers

endocrine gland

neurohemal organ

neurosecretory cells

internal organs

4 categories of hormone producing cells

Endocrine gland

exclusively responsible for producing and releasing into CS

Neurohemal Organs

stores products in special chambers until stimulated to release by nervous system

neurosecratory cell

specialize nerve cell that is linked between nervous system and endo system

Internal organs

hormone producing cell which is associated in ovaries, testes and body fat

prothorax

endocrine gland are found in

prothoraxic glands

responsible for manufacture of ecdysteriods

ecdysone

hormones that stimulates production of chitin and protein in epi cell

molting hormones

other term for ecdysteriods

Corpora cardiaca

produces prothoracicotropic hormone PTTH

Corpora Allata

responsible for the production of JH

JH

Hormone that inhibts development of adult characteristrc

ventral ganglia

secretes hormone that sheds exoskeleton

eclosion hormone

hormone responsible for shedding

bursicon

hormone responsible for tanning and hardening of exoskleton

sclerotization

hardening of exoskeleton