Week 3 - Determinants of Learning & Developmental Stages

What are the 3 determinants of learning?

- Learning needs

- Readiness to learn

- Learning style

What are learning needs?

Gaps in knowledge that exists between a desired level of performance and the actual level of performance.

What are all the steps included in assessing learning needs?

- Identify the learner

- Choose the right setting

- Collect data about the learner

- Involve other members of the healthcare team

- Prioritize needs

- Provide only need/want information

- Determine availability of resources

- Take time-management issues into account

What is the most important source for a learning needs assessment?

The learner.

What are 3 criteria for prioritizing needs?

- Mandatory

- Desirable

- Possible

What are mandatory needs?

Needs that must be learned for survival or situations in which the learner's life, safety, or ability to function at an expected level is threatened.

What are desirable needs?

Needs that are useful and worthwhile but not essential but that are related to learner satisfaction or further growth and development for personal or professional advancement.

What are possible needs?

Needs for information that is nice to know but not required or not directly related to being able to function in daily activities.

What are some methods used to assess learning need?

- Informal conversations

- Structured interviews

- Focus groups

- Questionnaires

- Tests

- Observations

- Documentation

What is readiness to learn?

The time when the learner demonstrates an interest in learning the information necessary to maintain optimal health or to become more skillful in a job.

Mr. Bacon has a history of smoking for the past 40-years. He says that he is absolutely not interested in quitting. Realizing that Mr. Bacon is not ready to learn, would it be a good idea to still educate him about quitting?

No because the learner is not going to absorb any information if they're not ready to learn silly!

3 multiple choice options

What are the 4 types of readiness?

- Physical

- Emotional

- Experiential

- Knowledge

What are the 5 components of physical readiness?

- Measure of ability

- Complexity of task

- Environmental effects

- Health status

- Gender

What are the 9 components of emotional readiness?

- Anxiety level

- Support systems

- Motivation

- Risk-taking behaviour

- Frame of mid

- Developmental stage

What are the 4 components of experiential readiness?

- Level of aspiration

- Past coping mechanisms

- Cultural background

- Locus of control

What are the 4 components of knowledge readiness?

- Present knowledge base

- Learning and reading disabilities

- Cognitive ability

- Learning styles

What are learning styles?

The ways and conditions under which learners most efficiently and most effectively perceive, process, store, and recall what they are attempting to learn and their preferred approaches to different learning tasks.

If a patient has a preferred way of learning, we only use that way to teach them to make learning as easy as possible (True/False).

False

1 multiple choice option

What are 8 major learning style models?

- Right-Brain/Left-Brain and Whole-Brain Thinking

- VARK Learning Styles

- Jung and Meyers-Briggs Typology

- Kolb's Experimental Learning Model

- Gardner's Eight Types of Intelligence

- Field-Independent/Field-dependent Perception

- Dunn and Dunn Learning Styles

What is the unique function of the left hemisphere according to the righ-left-whole brain thinking?

It's the vocal and analytical side, used for verbalization and for reality-based and logical thinking.

What is the unique function of the right hemisphere according to the righ-left-whole brain thinking?

It's the emotional, visual-spatial, and nonverbal side, with an intuitive, subjective, relational, holistic, and time free thinking process.

What are the 4 quadrants in the Hermann Brain Dominance Instrument (HBDI)?

- Quadrant A (left brain, cerebral)

- Quadrant B (left brain, limbic)

- Quadrant C (right brain, limbic)

- Quadrant D (right brain, cerebral)

What is the learning preference of Quadrant A (left brain, cerebral)?

Logical, analytical, quantitative, factual, and critical.

What is the learning preference of Quadrant B (left brain, limbic)?

Sequential, organized, planned, detailed, and structured.

What is the learning preference of Quadrant C (right brain, limbic)?

Emotional, interpersonal, sensory, kinesthetic, and symbolic.

What is the learning preference of Quadrant D (right brain, cerebral)?

Visual, holistic, and innovative.

What are the 4 types of learners according to the VARK learning styles?

- Visual learners

- Aural learners

- Read/write learners

- Kinesthetic learners

How do visual learners learn?

They learn by looking and are more engaged when presented with diagrams, charts, and graphs.

How do aural learners learn?

They learn by listening to the information that is shared with them verbally or by using self-talk.

How do read/write learners learn?

They learn by reading written information or writing out information themselves.

How do kinesthetic learners learn?

They learn by being hands on and doing or touching.

What 4 basic physiological functions did Carl Jung's theory focus on and are the basis for Myer and Briggs' 16 personality types?

- Extraversion vs. introversion

- Sensation vs. intuition

- Thinking vs. feeling

- Judging vs. perceiving

Kolb believed that a learner is a "blank slate" and enters the learning process without bias (True/False).

False

What did Kolb believe about learning style?

That it is a cumulative result of past experiences, heredity, and the demands of the present environment.

What are 2 major dimensions of Kolb's cycle of learning?

Perception and processing.

What are 2 viewpoints in the perception dimension?

- Concrete experience

- Abstract conceptualization

What are the characteristics of learners who perceive through concrete experience?

- Relies on feelings

- Likes interacting with people, benefit from specific experiences, and are sensitive to others

- They learn by feeling

What are the characteristics of learners who perceive through abstract conceptualization?

- Relies on logic and ideas

- Uses systematic planning to solve problems

- Learns by thinking

What are 2 viewpoints in the process dimension?

- Reflective observation

- Active experimentation

What are the characteristics of learners who process information through reflective observation?

- Relies on objectivity, careful judgment, personal thoughts, and feelings to form opinions

- Learns from different perspectives

- Learns by watching and listening

What are the characteristics of learners who process information through active experimentation?

- Learning is active

- Enjoy experimenting, influencing, taking risks, and being involved

- Learns by doing

What learning type does someone have if they like concrete experience and reflective observation?

Diverger.

What learning type does someone have if they like concrete experience and active experimentation?

Accomodator.

What learning type does someone have if they like abstract conceptualization and reflective observation?

Assimilator.

What learning type does someone have if they like abstract conceptualization and active experimentation?

Converger.

What are the characteristics of a diverger?

- Good at viewing concrete situations from many POV

- Likes to observe, gather information, and gain insights

- Places a high value on understanding for knowledge's sake

- Likes to personalize learning

- Have active imaginations, enjoy being involved, and are sensitive to feelings

- Learns best through group discussions and participating in brainstorming sessions

What are the characteristics of an accomodator?

- Acts on intuition and gut feeling

- Likes to explore all possibilities and learn by experimenting with materials and objects

- Learns best by hands-on experience and new and challenging situations

What are the characteristics of an assimilator?

- Understands large amounts of information by putting it into concise and logical form

- Focused on abstract ideas and concepts

- Good at inductive reasoning

- Values theory over practical experience

- Needs time for reflection

- Relies on experts

- Learns best through lecture, one-to-one instruction, and self-instruction

What are the characteristics of a converger?

- Finds practical application of ideas and theories

- Uses deductive reasoning to solve problems

- Likes structure, facts, and specific solutions

- Prefers technical tasks

- Learns best through demonstration/return demonstration methods of teaching accompanied by handouts and diagrams

What are the 8 types of intelligence according to Gardner?

- Linguistic

- Logical-mathematical

- Spatial

- Musical

- Bodily-kinesthetic

- Interpersonal

- Intrapersonal

- Naturalistic

What is linguistic intelligence?

The ability to speak, read, write, and memorize well.

Which side of the brain does linguistic intelligence reside in?

Broca's area.

Children strong in linguistic intelligence learn best by?

- Verbalizing, hearing, or seeing words.

- Word games or crossword puzzles.

What is logical-mathematical intelligence?

The ability to explore patterns, categories, and relationships well and quickly solve arithmetic problems.

Which side of the brain does logical-mathematical intelligence reside in?

Both sides of the brain.

Children strong in logical-mathematical intelligence learn best by?

- Using computers

- Doing experiments

- Strategic boardgames

What is spatial intelligence

The ability to think and reason about objects in three dimensions.

Which side of the brain does spatial intelligence reside in?

Right side of the brain.

Children strong in spatial intelligence learn best by?

- Images

- Pictures

- Building blocks

- Jigsaw puzzles

- Daydreaming

- Art activities

What is musical intelligence?

The ability to perform and enjoy music.

Which side of the brain does musical intelligence reside in?

Right side of the brain.

Children strong in musical intelligence learn best with music playing in the background (True/False).

True

1 multiple choice option

What is bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?

The ability to do anything related to fine-motor coordination well.

Which side of the brain does bodily-kinesthetic intelligence reside in?

Basal ganglia and cerebellum.

Children strong in bodily-kinesthetic intelligence learn best by?

Moving around and acting things out.

What is interpersonal intelligence?

The ability to understand people well.

Which side of the brain does interpersonal intelligence reside in?

Prefrontal lobes.

Children strong in interpersonal intelligence learn best through?

- Groups

- Activities that involve others in problem solving

What is intrapersonal intelligence?

The ability to understand oneself well.

Which side of the brain does intrapersonal intelligence reside in?

Prefrontal lobes.

Children strong in intrapersonal intelligence learn best by?

Being alone and learning at their own pace.

What is naturalistic intelligence?

The ability to make patterns and connections to elements in nature well.

Children strong in naturalistic intelligence learn best by?

Including subjects that involve nature.

What is the 9th kind of intelligence that Gardner considered?

Existential intelligence.

What is existential intelligence?

The ability to think about the question of life, death and existence.

What is a field-independent learner?

A person who perceives items as separate or differentiated from the surrounding field.

Field-independent learners are less sensitive to social cues, so they are not affected by criticism, likes to play an active participant role, and are eager to test their ideas in a group (True/False).

True

1 multiple choice option

What is a field-dependent learner?

A person who is influenced by or immersed in their surrounding field.

Field-dependent learners are externally focused and need extrinsic motivation. Therefore, they are easily affected by criticism, take a passive role, and are very agreeable (True/False).

True

1 multiple choice option

What are 3 things included in the Dunnn and Dunn learning style?

- Motivational factors

- Social interaction patterns

- Physiological and environmental elements

What are 5 basic stimuli that affects our ability to learn according to the Dunn and Dunn learning style?

- Environmental

- Emotional

- Sociological

- Physical

- Psychological

What elements are included in the environmental stimuli of the Dunn and Dunn learning style?

- Sound

- Light

- Temperature

- Design

What elements are included in the emotional stimuli of the Dunn and Dunn learning style?

- Motivation

- Persistence

- Responsibility

- Structure

What elements are included in the sociological stimuli of the Dunn and Dunn learning style?

- Peers

- Self

- Pair

- Team

- Adult

- Varies

What elements are included in the physical stimuli of the Dunn and Dunn learning style?

- Perceptual

- Intake

- Time

- Mobility

What elements are included in the psychological stimuli of the Dunn and Dunn learning style?

- Analytic

- Global

- Hemispheric

- Impulsive

- Reflective

What are some important considerations with regards to learning styles?

- Other equally important learning factors should not be ignored

- They don't describe how well information is learned

- Should be selected based on reliability, validity, and the population

- More than one learning style should be used of a learning assessment

What is pedagogy?

The art and science of helping children learn.

What is andragogy?

the art and science of helping adults learn using the correct strategies

What is geragogy?

The art and science of teaching older adults.

What are the characteristics of infants and toddlers?

- Birth to 2-years

- Completely dependent

- Needs security

- Natural curiosity

- Explores self and environment

- Short attention span

- Limited language development

What are the characteristics of early childhood?

- 3-5 years

- Egocentric

- Thinking is concrete and literal

- Can believe illness is self-caused/punitive

- Cannot generalize

- Separation anxiety

- Active imagination

What are the characteristics of middle and late childhood?

- 6-11 years

- More realistic and objective

- Understands cause and effect/consequences

- Wants concrete information

- Variable rates of physical growth

What are the characteristics of adolescents?

- 12-19 years

- Abstract and hypothetical thinking

- Can build on past learning experiences

- Logical and understands science

- Future oriented

- Motivated by desire for acceptance

- Preoccupation with self

What are some teaching strategies for infants and toddlers?

- Focus on parents and caregivers

- Use repetition and imitation

- Stimulate all senses

- Provide physical safety and emotional security

- Allow play

What are some nursing interventions of infants and toddlers?

- Welcome active participation

- Create therapeutic relationship

- Encourage physical closeness

- Provide detailed information and allow questions

- Ask information about child

What are some cognitive considerations for infants and toddlers?

- Responds to step-by-step commands

- Language skills are developing rapidly

What are some psychosocial considerations for infants and toddlers?

- Aggravated by personal and external limits

- Routines provide security

- Looks to parents for response

What are some teaching strategies for early childhood?

- Use a warm and calm approach

- Build trust

- Use repetition

- Reassure not to blame self

- Encourage questions

- Stimulate senes

- Provide safe and secure environment

What are some nursing interventions for early childhood?

- Welcome active participation

- Create therapeutic relationship

- Ask for information about child

- Explain procedures briefly and simply

- Use play therapy, drawings, and stories