PIPH HARD

Drug

Agent or substance used for diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease.

Dosage Form

Carrier through which the drug molecules are delivered; combination of drug and non-drug components.

Excipients or Additives

Non-drug components added to dosage forms.

Solid Dosage Forms

One of the oldest dosage forms, available in unit dose and sometimes in bulk.

Powder

Mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals in dry form for internal or external use.

Granules

Agglomerates of smaller particles of powders.

Dusting Powder

Powder applied externally on skin to avoid local irritation; prepared with ingredients like starch or talc.

Medical Dusting Powder

Used to improve superficial skin conditions, not for wounds, and must be free from pathogenic microorganisms.

Surgical Dusting Powder

Used in body cavities and wounds, should be sterile before use.

Insufflation

Medicated dusting powder introduced into body cavities using insufflators.

Snuffs

Finely divided solid dosage forms inhaled through the nostrils.

Granulation

Process of forming larger particles called granules from primary powder particles.

Effervescent Granules

Intended for internal use; contains citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonates.

Tablets

Prepared by molding or compression, with or without excipients.

Compressed Tablets

Classical tablets with no special coating.

Multiple Compressed

Layered tablets made with more than one compression.

Chewable Tablets

Tablets designed to be chewed and swallowed, especially for children and elderly.

Buccal

Tablets designed to be absorbed in the buccal cavity.

Sublingual

Tablets absorbed under the tongue using superdisintegrants.

Effervescent Tablets

Release CO2 when dissolved in water.

Sugar Coated Tablets

Tablets that mask offensive tastes but have bulk as a disadvantage.

Film Coated Tablets

Less bulky, more durable, and time-consuming than sugar-coated tablets.

Enteric Coated Tablets

Designed to dissolve in alkaline pH for small intestine delivery.

Lozenges

Disc-shaped forms that dissolve slowly in the mouth.

Hypodermic Tablets

Used by physicians to create parenteral products.

Pellets

Small sterile dosage forms for subcutaneous implantation.

Cataplasm (Poultices)

Soft moist mass of meals, herbs, or seeds applied to the skin.

Plasters

Solid/semisolid adhesive masses providing site contact.

Transdermal Patch

Medicated adhesive patch placed on the skin for systemic delivery.

Dressing

Materials used for covering or protecting injuries.

Lollipops

Sugar-based lozenges mounted on a stick.

Pills

Small round solid dosage forms administered orally.

Bolus

Large long tablets meant for animals.

Capsules

One or more medications enclosed in a shell, typically gelatin.

Body (Capsule)

Longest part of the capsule shell.

Cap (Capsule)

Smallest part of the capsule shell.

Gelatin

Derived from partial hydrolysis of collagen from animal tissues.

Hard Gelatin Capsules

Made from gelatin and other agents; moisture sensitivity 12-16%.

Soft Gelatin Capsules

Made with glycerin or sorbitol for elasticity; moisture sensitivity 6-10%.

Solutions

Liquid preparations of dissolved chemical substances.

Syrups

High sugar concentrations in liquid dosage forms.

Syrup, NF (simple syrup)

Near saturated aqueous solution of sucrose.

Preparation of Syrups

Methods include heat solution, percolation, and agitation.

Importance of Syrups

High osmotic pressure prevents bacterial growth and makes syrups palatable.

Elixirs

Sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions for oral use with varying alcohol content.

Spirits or Essences

Solutions with volatile substances, generally alcoholic.

Tinctures

Hydroalcoholic solutions from vegetable materials or chemical substances.

Fluid Extracts

Liquid preparations containing alcohol and standardized drug content.

Aromatic Waters

Solutions saturated with volatile oils or substances, used as flavoring vehicles.

Gargles

Solutions used for treating the pharynx.

Mouthwash

Used for its deodorant, refreshing, or antiseptic effect.

Topical Solution

Applied to skin or mucous membranes.

Sprays

Aqueous or oleaginous solutions applied topically.

Astringent

Substances that constrict pores and precipitate proteins.

Topical Anti-infective

Agents that kill microorganisms on skin or mucous membranes.

Enemas

Rectal solutions used for bowel evacuation.

Douches

Aqueous solutions directed against a part or into a cavity.

Liniments

Intended to be rubbed on skin for various effects.

Collodions

Composed of pyroxylin dissolved in solvent mixtures.

Flexible Collodion

Collodion modified for flexibility and waterproofing.

Nasal Solution

Sterile solutions administered via nasal passages.

Otic Solution

Solutions instilled into the ear.

Ophthalmic Solution

Sterile solutions for installation on the eye.

Irrigating Solutions

Used to wash or bathe surgical incisions and tissues.

Parenteral Solutions

Solutions injected through the skin or into blood vessels.

Biphasic Liquid Dosage Forms

Liquids consisting of two phases, including emulsions and suspensions.

Emulsion

Biphasic preparations containing two immiscible liquids.

Suspension

Finely divided solid particles uniformly distributed in liquid.

Gels

Semisolid systems of dispersed molecules in an aqueous vehicle.

Milk

Suspension in aqueous vehicles for oral use.

Magma

Suspension of inorganic acids in water.

Lotion

Suspensions of solid materials in an aqueous vehicle.

Ointments

Semisolid preparations for external application.

Creams

Semisolid preparations in W/O or O/W emulsions.

Pastes

Stiffer preparations with a larger proportion of solids.

Glycerogelatins

Plastic masses containing gelatin and glycerin, often medicated.

Suppositories

Solid forms inserted into body orifices to exert local/systemic effects.