PIPH HARD

Drug

  • agent or substance used for diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease.

  • rarely administered in crude form

  • administered in dosage form by converting them into suitable formulations.

Dosage Form

  • carrier through which the drug molecules are delivered.

  • combination of drug and non-drug components.

Excipients or Additives

  • non-drug components

Solid Dosage Forms

  • One of the oldest dosage forms. Available in unit dose.

  • some are supplied in bulk.

Powder

  • are mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals in dry form which can be used internally or externally.

Granules

  • are prepared agglomerates of smaller particles of powders.

Dusting Powder

  • applied externally on the skin. so it must be applied in a very fine state to avoid local irritation.

  • prepared by mixing more than one ingredient in which either starch, kaolin, or talc are used in their formulation.

  • talc or kaolin are used for being inert

  • antiseptic, astringent, absorbent and antiperspirant

Medical and Surgical

  • Types of Dusting powders

Medical Dusting Powder

  • are used to increase the superficial condition of the skin.

  • not applied on wounds, burns, etc.

  • must be pathogenic microorganisms free

Surgical dusting powders

  • used in body cavities and major wounds such as burns.

  • should sterilized before use

  • used as antiseptic and absorbent agent

Insufflation

  • medicated dusting powders meant for introduction into the body cavities, used in insufflators.

  • It sprays the powder on site of application.

Snuffs

  • are finely divided solid dosage forms that are inhaled in nostrils.

Granulation

  • the process in which primary powder particles form larger multi particles called granules.

  • bitter and nauseous powders cannot be given as tablets or capsules due to bulk quantity are required to be taken. Not in liquid form due to their stability.

  • example is effervescent granules

Effervescent Granules

  • are meant for internal use.

  • components are citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonates, sometimes sucrose or saccharin.

Tablets

  • prepared by molding or compression with or without excipients

Compressed Tablets

  • classical and no special coating

Multiple Compressed

  • layered tablets, more than one compression.

Chewable Tablets

  • meant to be chewed and swallowed. For children, elderly, and patients who cannot swallow.

Buccal

  • designed to be absorbed in the buccal cavity or cheeks.

Sublingual

  • absorbed under the tongue.

utilizes superdisintegrants-3 mins

Effervescent

  • release CO2 when dissolved in water.

Sugar coated

  • mask offensive taste

  • disadvantage: bulk

Film coated

  • less bulky, less time consuming and more durable.

Enteric coated

  • are designed to dissolve in alkaline pH to release medication in the small intestine.

Lozenges (Troches or Pastilles)

  • disc shape, used to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth.

Hypodermic Tablets

  • used by physicians to create parenteral products.

Pellets

  • small sterile df containing a concentration of drug for subcutaneous implantation.

Cataplasm (Poultices)

  • a soft moist mass of meals, herbs, seeds, etc. that are usually applied on clothes.

Plasters

  • solid/semisolid adhesive masses that provide contact at the site.

Transdermal patch

  • medicated adhesive patch placed on the skin to deliver medication through the skin and blood stream.

Dressing

  • used for cover or protection: resembling ointment

Lollipops

  • sugar based lozenges on a stick.

Pills

  • small round solid dosage forms containing medicinal agents, administered orally.

Bolus

  • large, long tablets for animals

Capsules

  • one or more medications enclosed in a shell.

generally prepared by gelatin

Body

  • longest part of the capsule shell.

Cap

  • smallest part of capsule shell.

Gelatin

  • obtained by partial hydrolysis of collagen collected from skin, connective tissues, and bones of animals.

Hard Gelatin

  • made from gelatin, colorants, and opacifying agents.

  • stored in a tightly closed glass container.

  • moisture sensitivity: 12-16%

  • capsizes No 5 to 000

  • No 0 is human-friendly.

60-130 milligrams

  • No 5

650-2000 milligrams

  • No 000

Soft Gelatin

  • made from glycerin or sorbitol (polyhydric alcohol) that makes it elastic or plastic like (plasticizers)

  • used to contain liquids, suspensions, pastes, dry powders, and pellets.

  • prepared by plate process or rotary.

  • moisture sensitivity: 6-10%

Solutions

  • liquid preparations that contains one or more chemical substance dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.

  • monophasic liquid dosage forms are represented by true or colloidal solutions.

Advantages of solutions

  • easy to swallow

  • can be used by any route of administration

  • easy to adjust the dose.

Syrups

  • contains high concentrations of sucrose or other sugar.

  • examples are cherry syrup(47% cherry juice), cocoa syrup, orange syrup, raspberry syrup.

Syrup, NF (simple syrup)

  • 85% (w/v) nearly saturated aqueous solution of sucrose.

  • inherently stable and resistant to the growth of microorganisms when properly prepared and maintained.

Methods of preparation of syrup.

  • Solution with the aid of heat.

  • Percolation

  • Reconstitution

  • addition of sucrose to medicated or flavoured liquid

  • solution by agitation without the aid of beat.

Importance of syrups.

  • With high osmotic pressure, prevents bacterial growth.

  • retards oxidation due to it being partly hydrolyzed into reducing sugar.

  • palatable.

Elixirs

  • sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions for oral use.

  • 5-40% alcohol content, but varies widely most of the time.

  • example is aromatic elixir, NF 22% alcohol.

Methods of Preparation

  • solution with agitation

  • admixture of two or more liquid ingredients.

Spirits or essences

  • alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions with volatile substances.

  • 60% alcohol content in general.

  • used as flavoring agents and vehicles.

  • stored in tight, light-resistant containers.

Chem RXN

  • amyl nitrite spirit

Distillation

  • whisky-from cereal grains

  • brandy-from grapes

Simple solution with agitation

  • Aromatic spirit of NH3, CMPD, Orange spirit, Camphor spirit, Cardamon spirit

Solution with Maceration

  • peppermint spirit.

Tinctures

  • Hydroalcoholic solutions from vegetable materials or chemical substances.

  • 15-80% alcohol content.

  • examples are iodine tincture, opium tincture.

Preparation of Tinctures

  • Maceration

  • Percolation

Fluid extracts

  • liquid preparation of vegetable drugs containing alcohol as solvent, preservative or both and so made that otherwise specified in an individual monograph.

  • each mL contains 1 g of the standard drug.

  • prepared by Process A, B/D, E

Process A, B/D, E

  • Assay/Analysis (A)

  • Boiling (B/D)

  • Substitute for A (E)

Aromatic Waters

  • clear and aqueous solution saturated with volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances.

  • aka medicated water

  • used as flavored vehicle for water soluble drugs and aqueous phase in some emulsions or suspensions

  • stored in tight, light-resistant bottle

Preparation of Aromatic Water

  • Distillation

  • Solution of the aromatic subs with or without use of dispersing agents.

Gargles

  • used for treating the pharynx. Medicated.

Mouthwash

  • used for its deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic effect. For cleansing

Topical solution

  • applied to the skin or mucous.

Sprays

  • aqueous or oleaginous solutions in the form of coarse droplets of finely divided solids applied topically, most usually to the nasopharyngeal tract or the skin.

Astringent

  • constrict pores and precipitate proteins.

  • examples are aluminum acetate, aluminium subacetate, and calcium hydroxide

Topical Anti-infective

  • kill microorganisms when applied to the skin or mucous membranes.

  • examples are povidone-iodine, thiomersal, and hydrogen peroxide topical solution.

Enemas

  • rectal solution to evacuate the bowels. It is absorbed.

  • examples are sodium phosphates enema, hydrocortisone enena, aminophylline enema.

Douches

  • aqueous solution directed against a part or into a cavity.

  • cleansing or antiseptic agent.

Liniments

  • aka embrocations

  • intended to be rubbed on the skin.

  • rubefacient, counterirritant, penetrating action.

Collodions

  • composed of pyroxylin dissolved in a non aqueous solvent mixture with alcohol and ether.

Pyroxylin

  • aka soluble gun cotton

  • produced through the action of nitric acid and sulfuric acid (3:1) on purified cotton.

Flexible Collodion

  • prepared by the addition of castor oil (3%) (for flexibility) and camphor (for water-proofing)(2%) to collodion.

Nasal Solution (Sterile)

  • administered in nasal passages in drops or sprays.

  • water is the usual vehicle, but a co-solvent system may be used.

  • contain preservatives, buffer, antioxidants, and surfactants.

Otic Solution

  • instilled into the ear

  • vehicle: water or glycerin, or co-solvent

  • may contain preservatives, buffer, antioxidants, viscosity agents and surfactants

Ophthalmic solution

  • are sterile, pyrogen-free, and particle-free solutions for the installation on the eye.

  • contains water, preservatives, buffer, antioxidants, tonicity adjusters, viscosity enhancers.

  • pH = 7.4 or pH= 6.5 to 8.5

Irrigating solutions

  • used to wash or bathe surgical incisions, wounds or body tissues.

  • should be labeled “not for injection” and “for irrigation only”

  • pH and isotonicity must be considered.

  • flowing

Parenteral solutions

  • injected through the skin or directly in blood vessels, muscle, organ or tissue.

  • strict with impurity, particulate matter and pyrogenicity

  • need careful environment

  • need careful consideration on pH and isotonicity

Uses of Parenteral injections

  • alternative if not by mouth

  • drugs that are inactivated by gastric acid or first pass effect

  • When drug is required immediately

  • When drugs are to be delivered to an organ, lesion, muscle or a nerve.

Routes of administration of parenteral injections

  • Intradermal (ID) or intracutaneous

  • Subcutaneous (SC or SQ)

  • Intramuscular (IM)

  • Intravenous (IV)

  • Intra-arterial

  • Intral-thecal

  • Intra-spinal

  • Epidural

Biphasic liquid dosage forms

  • the liquid which consist of two phases are known as a biphasic liquid dosage forms

  • they are sub categorised into different forms namely as emulsions and suspensions

Emulsion

  • both phases are available in liquid

  • biphasic liquid preparations containing two immiscible liquid (continuous phase and dispersed phase) made miscible

  • the liquid converted into minute globules is called the dispersed phase and the liquid converted in which the globules are dispersed is called the continuous phase.

  • thermodynamically unstable system

  • consisting of at least two immiscible liquid phases one of which is dispersed as globules in the other liquid phase stabilized by a third substance called emulsifying agent.

  • globule size from 0.25 to 25 micrometer

Types of emulsions

  • Oil in water : oil is dispersed as droplets in aqueous medium

  • Water in oil : water is dispersed as droplets in oil or oleaginous medium. Used for external preparation when emollient, lubricating, or protective properties are desired.

  • Multiple Emulsions

  • Micro emulsions : appear translucent or transparent and have a diameter in the nanometer size range.

Methods of preparation of Emulsions

  • Wet gums (English) Method = 4:2:1 (Water + Emulsifier) + oil (slowly) \\\ O/W

  • Dry gum (Continental) Method = 4:2:1 oil + water + surfactant\\\ (oil + emulsifier) + water (rapidly)

  • Bottles (Forbes Bottle Method) = 2:2:1 or 3:2:1 (OWE) for are low viscosity and volatile substances.

  • Nascent Soap (In Situ Soap Method) : Alkali + FA (50:30) \\\during chemical reaction EA is produced. For Calamine Liniment. Soap form as emulsifier

Suspension

  • Finely divided solid particles are suspended in liquid medium, distributed uniformly.

  • Particles have diameter greater than 0.1 mcm

  • Purposes: Sustaining effect | Stability | Taste

Gels

  • are semisolid system consisting of dispersion of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jelly-like by the addition of a gelling agent.

Milk

  • sometimes used for suspension in aqueous vehicles for oral use.

Magma

  • describe suspensions of inorganic acids such as clay in water.

Lotion

  • are generally suspensions of solid materials in an aqueous vehicle.

Ointments

  • aka. Unguents, Christmas, oculentum

  • are semisolid preparations for external application the the skin or mucous membrane

  • used as emollients to make the skin pliable

  • used as protective barrier

  • used as vehicle in which to incorporate medication

Creams

  • are semisolid preparation containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed in either a W/O emulsion or an O/W emulsion or in another type of water washable bases.

  • example is vanishing cream

  • Oil in water emulsion containing large percentage of water and stearic acid or other oleaginous components.

Pastes

  • a larger proportion of solid materials than ointments and therefore stiffer.

  • examples are zinc oxide paste/Lassar's Plain Zinc Paste

Glycerogelatins

  • Plastic masses containing gelatin (15%), Glycerin (40%), water (35%) and an added medicinal substance (10%) such as zinc oxide.

  • Example is a zinc Gelatin boot.

  • For varicose ulcer–wounds that are thought to occur due to improper functioning of venous calves, usually of the legs.

Suppositories

  • inserted in body orifices where they melt, soften, or dissolve and exert local systemic effects.

  • useful in infants, debilitated or comatose patients, patients who vomit, have nausea or gastrointestinal disturbances.

  • Criteria for satisfactory suppository base:

  • should be inert, non irritating and non sensitizing.

  • Should be firm and should not melt at room temperature

  • Should dissolve rapidly in the cavity fluid (have narrow or sharp melting range)