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Triple Entente

France, England, Russia

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Wilson’s 14 Points - Main Purpose

To outline a strategy for ending war by setting up specific goals that he wanted to achieve, such as world peace and an end to all wars.

What do the other leaders of the allied nations think of Wilson’s plan?

They thought Wilson was being too idealistic and did not believe his plan would work in the real world.

Peace without blame

President Wilson believed that the Treaty of Versailles should not harshly blame Germany for the war; instead, he advocated for peace that treated Germany fairly to sustain stability in Europe.

League of Nations

An international peacekeeping organization included in the Treaty of Versailles, but the US did not join, which weakened it.

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles

War guilt clause, reduction of Germany's military, payment of reparations, establishment of new countries, and creation of the League of Nations.

Problems of the Treaty of Versailles

Germany was left in economic ruin and depression, leading to anger and Hitler's rise to power; the US adopted isolationism and did not join the League of Nations, and Russia felt ignored after their significant sacrifices.

How was Germany treated by the Treaty of Versailles

Germany was treated harshly, forced to pay reparations, lose land, reduce their military, and accept the War guilt clause, leading to resentment among the German people and contributing to the outbreak of WWII.

No Man’s Land

The area between the front line trenches.

Trench Warfare

A method of fighting that resulted from the machine gun's introduction, leading to stagnant and grueling conditions.

Death in the trenches

Many soldiers would die on their first day in the trenches, facing death constantly.

Trench conditions

The conditions were dirty and uncomfortable with terrible smells, overflowing latrines, mud, and infestations of rats and lice.

Stalemate

A situation during WWI where neither side could gain an advantage due to fortified trenches, resulting in minimal movement.

The Battle of the Somme

Fought in France, resulting in over 1 million lives lost for just 5 miles of land gained, exemplifying stalemate conditions.

The Battle of Dardanelles and Bosporus (Gallipoli)

Straits that connect the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, involving battles between the Allies and Muslim Turks.

Rationing

Limiting the amount of goods available to the public during wartime, such as canned food, meat, and bread.

Propaganda

One-sided information used to sway public opinion, such as Uncle Sam posters and depictions of Germans as gorillas.

The Black Hand

A secret terrorist organization from Serbia, with Gavrilo Princip assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand, sparking WWI.

Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, Russia, United States.

Central Powers

The Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Germany.

USA entry into WWI

April 1917.

Country that switched sides at the beginning of WWI

Italy.

League of Nations success

No, it was unable to prevent the outbreak of WWII.

Powder keg location

The Balkan Peninsula.

Causes of WWI: Militarism

The glorification of military power and preparation for war, leading countries to stockpile weapons in anticipation of conflict.

Causes of WWI: Alliance System

Secret alliances, like the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, caused nations to feel emboldened in declaring war due to supporting allies.

Reasons the United States entered the war: Imperialism

The act of stronger countries taking over weaker ones, causing international tensions.

Reasons the United States entered the war: Nationalism

Intense pride in one's country, leading countries to desire autonomy for nationalities within a country, seeking independence.

Lusitania Sinking

A German U-boat sank the Lusitania, turning public opinion against the Germans with over 1,100 casualties, including 129 Americans.

Zimmerman Telegram

A message sent by the German foreign secretary proposing a German-Mexican alliance against the US, intercepted by the British.

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Germany declared the waters around the British Isles a war zone, threatening all ships, including neutral countries' vessels, without warning.

Weapons used during WWI: Machine Guns

Fast-firing guns that had a high capacity for shooting rapidly.

Weapons used during WWI: Poison Gas

Used in trenches, causing painful deaths by suffocation.

Weapons used during WWI: Airplanes

Innovative tools that made trenches less safe and monitored enemy movements.