U.S. History 1815-1828: Nationalism, Sectionalism, and Political Developments

What were the primary economic interests of the Northeast region in the early 19th century?

Shipping and commerce

What was the primary economic focus of the South in the early 19th century?

Slave-based agriculture

What were the primary goals of the West in the early 19th century?

Cheap land and improved transportation

What was the purpose of the Second Bank of the United States chartered in 1816?

To regulate public credit and ensure a sound, stable national currency

What was the primary goal of the Tariff of 1816?

To protect struggling American industries from cheap foreign imports by imposing a 20-25% tax

Why did the South oppose the Tariff of 1816?

It forced them to pay more for goods and risked retaliatory taxes on their cotton exports

What was the Cumberland Road?

The first interstate road built in the U.S., designed to improve troop transport and east-west travel

What was the significance of the Supreme Court case Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)?

It ruled that states cannot interfere with private contracts, preventing states from taking control of private institutions

What was the outcome of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?

The Supreme Court ruled that a state could not tax a federal bank, establishing the bank's right to exist

What principle was established by the Supreme Court in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)?

Federal supremacy in regulating interstate commerce

What was Henry Clay's 'American System'?

A plan for economic nationalism involving a national bank, tariffs, and internal improvements like roads

What was the 'Era of Good Feelings'?

The period from 1815-1825 during James Monroe's presidency, characterized by the dominance of a single political party

Which political party was the only one operating at the national level during the Era of Good Feelings?

The Democratic-Republicans

What was the primary cause of the Panic of 1819?

Reckless speculation, collapse of cotton prices, and state banks printing excessive paper money

Why did the admission of Missouri in 1819 cause a political crisis?

It threatened to upset the balance between free and slave states in Congress

What was the Missouri Compromise of 1820?

Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30' latitude

What role did Henry Clay play in the Missouri Compromise?

He was known as 'The Great Compromiser' and secured a promise from Missouri to respect the rights of free blacks

Why did Northern states object to Missouri's initial state constitution?

It banned free blacks and mixed-race individuals from entering the state, which they viewed as a violation of constitutional rights

What was the 'Virginia Dynasty'?

A series of U.S. presidents from Virginia, ending with James Monroe

What was the main reason for the growth of sectionalism during this period?

Each region had distinct economic goals and differing interpretations of the Constitution

How did the War of 1812 influence the federal government's post-war policy?

It led to a demand for a stronger military, a national bank, and protective tariffs

What was the status of the first Bank of the United States before the second was chartered?

It was chartered in 1791 but its charter expired in 1811 and was not renewed

What was the geographic problem with transportation in North America during this era?

Most rivers flow north to south, making east-west travel difficult

Why was the Missouri Compromise criticized by both the North and the South?

The South disliked that Congress passed laws regarding slavery, while the North disliked the expansion of slavery

What was the purpose of the Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817?

To eliminate large warships from the Great Lakes, leaving only small patrol boats to prevent accidental war between the U.S. and Great Britain.

What boundary was set by the Convention of 1818?

The boundary between the Missouri Territory and British North America at the 49th parallel.

What was the primary compromise in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819?

The U.S. gave up claims to Texas in exchange for Spain giving up claims in the Pacific Northwest and ceding Florida.

What was the northern border established by the Adams-Onis Treaty?

The 42nd parallel.

How did the U.S. 'pay' for Florida in the 1819 treaty?

The U.S. pledged to cover up to $5 million in debts owed by Spain to American citizens.

What was the core message of the Monroe Doctrine regarding European powers?

The American continents were no longer subject to new colonial establishments or outside control by European powers.

What was the U.S. stance on existing European colonies in the Americas under the Monroe Doctrine?

The U.S. promised not to interfere with existing colonies like Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Who were the five major candidates seeking the presidency in 1824?

John C. Calhoun, William Crawford, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson.

Why was the 1824 presidential election decided by the House of Representatives?

No candidate received the required majority of electoral college votes.

What was the 'Corrupt Bargain' of 1824?

Henry Clay helped secure the presidency for John Quincy Adams in the House, and in return, Adams appointed Clay as Secretary of State.

What political party supported John Quincy Adams' economic nationalism?

The National Republicans.

What were the core beliefs of the Jacksonian Democrats?

Support for states' rights, smaller government, and representation for frontier people, immigrants, and city workers.

What was a major personal controversy involving Andrew Jackson during the 1828 election?

Attacks on his wife Rachel regarding the validity of her divorce from her previous husband.

What was the origin of the Democratic Party's '*******' symbol?

It was a derogatory label applied to Andrew Jackson.

What event led to the death of Charles Dickinson in 1806?

A duel with Andrew Jackson over a debt and disparaging remarks made about Jackson's wife.

What accusations were leveled against John Quincy Adams during the 1828 campaign?

He was accused of being a pimp, a gambler, and playing billiards on Sundays.

How did voting eligibility change by the 1828 election?

21 out of 24 states had removed property qualifications for voting, allowing more ordinary Americans to participate.

What was the outcome of the 1828 presidential election?

Andrew Jackson won decisively in both the electoral college and the popular vote.

What personal tragedy did Jackson blame on his political opponents after the 1828 election?

The heart attack death of his wife, Rachel.

What was the primary goal of the National Republicans' economic platform?

A stronger central government, a national bank, and infrastructure development like road building.

What was the significance of the 42nd parallel in the Adams-Onis Treaty?

It served as a hard border to the north, reflecting U.S. interest in controlling the Oregon country.

What was the U.S. policy toward European wars under the Monroe Doctrine?

The U.S. promised to stay out of the internal affairs of European nations and their wars.

What was the 'Transcontinental Treaty of 1819'?

Another name for the Adams-Onis Treaty.

What was the main reason the U.S. recognized the independence of former Spanish colonies in South America?

To prevent European powers from attempting to re-establish control over those regions.