personality concepts m-3 study guide

interpsychic

psychological processes, dynamics, or interactions occurring between two or more minds or people

intrapsychic

psychological processes, conflicts, or emotions that occur entirely within an individual's mind or psyche

symbiotic

an intense, interdependent bond where two people function as one, often blurring individual identities

hoarding

jealously possessive that they don’t want loved ones (possessions) shared w/ others 

exploitative

wants to take from others by force/cunning; due to envy 

marketing

“identity” not in reference to self but in reference to other people’s opinion about self; identity emerges by not knowing oneself but in being known to others 

productive

a personality pattern in which the individual is able to develop and apply their potentialities without being unduly dependent on outside control.

splitting

 defense against anxiety due to awareness of “bad me” and possibility of rejection and craving for acceptance

differentiation

realizing one’s uniqueness

mutuality

the dynamic, reciprocal process where both participants (analyst and patient) are open to being changed by the relationship, characterized by shared empathy, mutual recognition, and a "meeting of minds"

who was eric fromm influenced mostly when he founded his own theory

karen horney

what is the thing that separates human nature from animal nature

loneliness

what is the role of excitation and stimulation according to fromm

actively striving for a goal rather than simply responding

what are the 4 different orientations toward life

1. supporting-giving orientation: be helpful; do what’s right

2. controlling-taking orientation: be in charge; get results

3. conserving-holding orientation: be reasonable; make sure

4. adapting-dealing orientation: know people; get along

terror management theory

an existential psychology framework proposing that human behavior is driven by fear of the inevitability of death.

what is the relationship of anna freud to sigmund freud

she was his youngest daughter

what is anna freud’s contribution to psychology

founded child psychoanalysis, revolutionized the study of defense mechanisms, and established the field of child psychology

what did adolescence mean to anna freud

a tumultuous, necessary period of "storm and stress" characterized by intense internal conflict, psychological disequilibrium, and erratic behavior

what is identification with the aggressor

it’s an ego defense where a victim adopts the behavior, attitudes, or characteristics of an abuser to cope with intense anxiety, helplessness, or trauma

what is erikson’s contribution to the understanding human development

proposing that personality develops over the entire lifespan through eight stages of psychosocial crises

differences between freud and erikson

Freud’s psychosexual theory centers on early childhood biological drives and unconscious, instinctual energy. Conversely, Erikson’s psychosocial theory emphasizes social interaction, environmental factors, and identity development across the entire lifespan.

characteristics of erikson’s psycho-social stages

• trust vs. mistrust: hope 

• autonomy vs. shame/doubt: will, determination 

• initiative vs. guilt: purpose, goals 

• industry vs. inferiority: competence 

• ego identity vs. role confusion: fidelity, loyalty 

• intimacy vs. isolation: love 

• generativity vs. stagnation: care, compassion 

• ego integrity vs. despair: wisdom

what are the different dilemmas humans face during their psychosocial stages

1. hope

2. will, determination

3. purpose, goals

4. competence

5. fidelity, loyalty

6. love

7. care, compassion

8. wisdom

what is the general idea in mcadam’s personality theory

that personality shaped by evolution for adaptation to environment

what is the “object” in object-relations theory

the relationships that we’ve had in our childhood

differentiation (object-relations theory)

the developmental process of separating the self-representation from the object-representation (caregiver)

what is kohut’s undestanding of narcissism

exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-involvement to hide a fragile self-worth

what is the characteristic of splitting in borderline personality disorder

"black-and-white thinking," where individuals view themselves, others, or situations in extreme, absolute terms—either "all good" or "all bad".

what is the mission of stone center

to study psychological development, particularly that of women, children, and families, through the lens of relational and cultural contexts

what is the reason for ill health according to relational-cultural theory

chronic disconnection

what is the characteristic of healthy relationships according to the relational cultural model?

growth-fostering relationships

what does current research say about the importance of relationships in brain development?

stable, nurturing, and responsive relationships are essential for healthy brain development, forming the foundation of cognitive, social, and emotional capabilities

what does ‘shame mean according to relational cultural approach

being unable to connect with others

what has the research shown in regard to social rejection and brain?

social rejection activates the same brain regions involved in processing physical pain

the differences between classical freudian analysts and the stone center group therapists

stone center group therapists (relational-cultural theory) are far more self-disclosing, interactive, and focused on growth through mutual empathy and connection rather than drive reduction

what kind of a role does attachment play in brain development?

shaping neural pathways, regulating stress systems, and fostering emotional intelligence through early caregiver interactions

the differences between psychoanalysis/behaviorism and humanistic theory

focusing on free will, conscious experience, and self-actualization, rather than deterministic drives or environmental conditioning

self according to rogers

an organized, fluid, yet consistent conceptual pattern of perceptions, beliefs, and values regarding "I" or "me"

the best way to understand an individual according to rogers

adopting their internal frame of reference, focusing on their subjective experiences, feelings, and self-perceptions

the different type of needs according to maslow.

• physiological (survival)

• safety (security)

• love/belonging (social)

• esteem (respect)

• self-actualization (personal growth)