Gwen likes curly heads

Acculturation

the process by which people in one culture adopt some traits of another culture while maintaining their own cultural traits

Syncretism

describes the blending of two or more cultural traits that creates a new trait

Nation state

a state made up of a single unified nation

Stateless nation

groups of people who share common cultural values and history but lack formal state

Devolution

the process by which power is transferred from a central political authority to smaller, regional ones

Shatterbelts

groups of politically/ethnically fragmented states located between larger, more powerful states that often vie for control

Examples of shatterbelt regions

balkan regions

Choke points

narrow, highly strategic, geographic passageways that restrict passage from one region to another

Example of choke points

Suez canal, Iran’s strait of hormuz

Neocolonialism

the process through which powerful countries attempt to control weaker countries through economic/cultural pressures

Dependency theory

one of the main consequence of colonialism is former colonies’ dependency on greater powers to survive

Consequent boundary

boundary drawn with consideration of different cultural landscapes and often divide people of different ethnicities

Relic boundaries

once existed but no longer function as boundaries

Who created Concentric zone model

Ernest Burgess

Who created central place theory

Walter Christaller

Who coined/documented the Native American depopulation

Willian Denevan

Which 2 individuals made the Latin American city Model

Larry Ford and Ernst Griffin

Who made the Sector Model

Homer Hoyt

Who made the Malthusian theory

Thomas Malthus

Who founded human geography

Friedrich Ratzel

Who coined/founded the stages of growth

Walt Rostow

Who founded possibilism/ cultural landscape concepts

Carl Sauer

Who founded Isolated State model

Johann Heinrich von Thunen

Who founded World systems theory

Immanuel Wallerstein

Who founded industrial location theory (Least Cost theory)

Alfred Weber

Multiple Nuclei Model was developed due to the rise in

cars

The galactic city model was developed in response to

deindustrialization rising urban sprawl and car normalization

The main feature of the Galactic city model is the ______ that connects nodes around central city

beltway

In the Latin-American Model the ____ and ____ are ____ together

market, CBD, close

The Latin American model contains what kinds of features

wedges and concentric circles

In the Southeast Asian Model, the CBD is

the port zone

The Sub-Saharan African Model contains __ CBDs. What are the kinds?

3, colonial, traditional, modernizing

Infilling

development of underdeveloped/underused land inside urban areas for commercial/residential use

Smart Growth Policies focus on

walkable neighborhoods, diverse housing options, mixed land use

New Urbanism focuses on

Smart transportation, quality architecture, walkable neighborhoods, mixed land use

Greenbelts def

Circular area of trees, forest, or agricultural land that surrounds a city

Slow growth cities def

urban areas that use zoning laws to slow urban sprawl

De Facto segregation def

the separation of groups that happens "by fact" due to social, economic, or private circumstances, not by law

Census data is collected at a variety of scales. The smallest being ______ _____ , which make up a larger sub category called _____ _____

census blocks, census tracts

Analyzing data at the block scale is helpful for

addressing needs in a specific area

_____ _____ defined a city as a permanent settlement with 3 key traits. Who is he and what are the traits

Louis Wirth, large size, high pop density, social heterogenity (diversity)

Redlining def

practice that prevented people from “high risk urban areas” from buying houses or getting loans

Blockbusting def

real estate agents scared white homeowners into believing that their neighborhoods were becoming unsafe due to black families moving in. the agents would sell the house for higher price to black people after whites moved out

Gentrification

when deteriorating areas in the city are rebuilt and renewed to offer high quality housing— high income residents move into previously low income areas

Whats the difference between urban renewal and gentrification?

urban renewal is when you tear down old slums and build entirely new buildings and gentrification is when you renew old slum areas

Inclusionary zoning

policies that require new developments to include affordable housing

Brownfield

an abandoned industrial site that is polluted and unusable

Development

a country’s relative level of economic wellbeing (wealth and industry)

What is the primary sector’s focus

extraction of raw materials

What is the secondary sector’s focus

Processes raw materials, manufacturing

What is the tertiary sector’s focus

provide services to businesses or consumers

What is the quaternary sector’s focus

provide services which require higher degree of education and expertise

What is the quinary sector’s focus

economic influencers like top government officials and powerful CEOs

Least cost theory (Alfred Weber) suggests that

factories locate themselves in most cost-efficient place

The Least Cost theory considers 2 factors:

distance and weight

By the least cost theory, if the factory produced bulk gaining products, they’re located closer to

market

By the least cost theory, if the factory produced bulk reducing products, they’re located closer to

raw materials

Break of bulk points are

seaports and other major transportation hubs

Containerization def

shift to consumer goods being transported across the world in shipping containers

Deindustrialization

when a country shifts away from manufacturing towards service sector

Gross National Product (GNP)

total value of g/s a nation’s citizens produce

Gross Domestic product (GDP)

Total value of g/s produced within a country

Gross National Income (GNI)

total income of country’s businesses and labor force

Formal sector

every legal business

Informal sector

economic activity outside of government oversight

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

measures gender equality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation

Human Development Index (HDI) was created by the UN and measures

human wellbeing

Gender parity

the equality between men and women in terms of education and wages

Microloans

granted to impovershed women to help them start/grow a small business

Rostow’s Stages theory claimed that

every country would pass through the 5 stages of development

What is Stage 1 of Rostow’s Stages and what does it focus on

traditional society, subsistence and agriculture

What is Stage 2 of Rostow’s Stages and what does it focus on

Preconditions for take-off, transitional stage, specialization and infrastructure

What is Stage 3 of Rostow’s Stages and what does it focus on

take-off, industrialization investment and growth

What is Stage 4 of Rostow’s Stages and what does it focus on

drive to maturity, diversification and innovation

What is Stage 5 of Rostow’s Stages and what does it focus on

high mass consumption, mass consumption and dominant tertiary sector

Dependency theory

argues that peripheral countries are poor because core countries exploit them economically

Modern exploitative economic practices are also called

neocolonialism

Division of labor

describes the process of how peripheral countries focus on resource extraction and manufacturing, core focus on service and mass consumption

Wallerstein’s world theory argues that core countries are more developed because they

adopted industrialization the earliest

Periphreal countries are

sub-saharan africa, parts of south america and asia

Semi periphreal countries are

brazil, russia, india, china, south africa

Core countries are

western europe, north america, japan and austrailia

Comparative advantage

a country specializes in producing a certain set of goods because they’re better equipped and more efficient than any other

Neoliberalism

the movement to promote free trade and reduce government intervention in trade

Mercosur is a

trade organization of southern american countries

Functions of World Trade Organization

regulates global trade, moderates trade disputes, assists negotiation

International Monetary fund

promotes development and financial stability by restructuring country’s loans

Fordism

mass production of standardized manufactured goods

Special Economic Zone (SEZ)

geographic area in a country where business and trade laws are different. attract foreign investment

Export processing zone (EPZ)

a subtype of SEZ, offer incentives like tax exemptions and cheap labor to attract foreign corporations to manufacture goods for export.

Free trade zone (FTC)

subtype of SEZ, where goods can be landed, manufactured, or reconfigured without customs intervention, tariffs, or import duties.

Post-fordism

dispersal of manufacturing process across the globe

Agglomeration economies

a concentration of businesses from similar industries in the same area

Multiplier effect

creating one job creates others

Ecotourism

creating sustainable tourist destinations to protect natural landscapes from industry

Filtering

low income residents move into formerly high income areas

What are the phases for establishing boundaries?

defining, delimiting, demarcating, administration

Defining phase consists of

egal documentation; determines sovreignity (over what and where)

Delimiting phase consists of

drawing boundaries on the map

Demarcating phase consists of

actually placing signs on physical borders to show separation physically