Teas science portion

What is not a macromolecule

Glucose

What is a protein

long string of amino acid (monomers)

Enzymes are usually

made up of proteins

Catabolism

Taking something big and breaking into smaller pieces

Anabolism

Building up from smaller pieces

Phospholipids make up the cell membrane and have

a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Nucleotide from DNA is composed of

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

Eukaryotes have that prokaryotes dont

Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum

Macrophages

engulf and digest pathogens

Rough ER

Makes proteins

Smooth Er

makes lipids

Lysosomes

Digests cellular waste

Mitochondria

Breaks down food and releases energy

Golgi apparatus

Sorts and packages proteins

Chloroplasts do

photosynthesis

Totipotent cells

have the ability to differentiate into any type of human cell

pluripotent

have ability to differentiate into most types of cells

What is chromatin

Dna wrapped around histone proteins that help organize genetic material in the nucleus

Ribosomes make

protein

Amino acids connect to eachother using

peptide bonds

A section of DNA that contains instructions to make a specific protein

Gene

RNA has

Uracil

Transcription

Copy DNA to make RNA

Anaphase

Chromatids move away

Prophase

Chromosomes are in nucleus

Metaphase

chromatids lined up in center

Telophase

starting to make new cells

Somatic cells (body)

Made by mitosis

Sex cells (gametes)

Made by meiosis

Genetic diversity

Crossing over, recombination, and independent assortment

Phenotype

observable trait

Genotype

Genes

High concentration solute moves to

low concentration

Protozoa

eukaryotic pathogen cell that can cause disease

Electron microscocpe

Highly detailed image

Location of a typical virus

Bacterium

Gram stain purple POSITIVE

thick cell wall

Gram stain red NEGATIVE

Thin peptidoglycan wall in middle

Rods

Long shape

Cocci

circular

Whats responsible for regulating basic survival functions (heart rate, breathing)

Medulla oblongata

Calcitonin

secreted by thryoid gland to lower blood calcium levels

Erythrocytes (RBC)

Transport oxygen to body tissue

WBC (leukocytes)

defend the body against pathogens

Platelets

initiate blood clotting cascade

Gax exchange between blood and tissue cells

internal respiration

gas exchange inside of cell

cellular respiration

gas exchange from Alveoli to capillaries

external respiration

Chemical digestion of carbohydrates in mouth initiated by

salivary amylase

Movement of substances from peritubular capillaries back into renal tubule

tubular secretion

Fibrous connecttive tissue that attaches muscle to bone

tendon

Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Ligament

Pancrease

makes digestive enzymes, regulates blood sugar (insulin and glucagon)

Liver

filters toxins, produces biles, stores glucose

Spleen

Filters blood, produces stores WBC and stores blood

Gallbladder

Stores, concentrates, and releases bile

Somatic cells are

Diploid (2n) → 2x the number of chromosomes as haploids

Germ cells

Haploid (n)

Disaccharide

double sugar

Ph 6 compared to ph 3 is 1000x higher Oh- concentration because

the ph scale is logarithmic

Lipase

digests fat

nerve conduction

Stimulus is received,

Na+ channels open

Action potential created

K+ channels open

Repolarization

Site of translation

occurs in ribosomes

Centrifuge

separate substances based on density

Calcitonin is a hormone that

is made by the thyroid gland and regulates calcium in blood

Chorionic gonadotropin

hormone produced during pregnancy

Helper T cells

activate cytotoxic T cells

Found in blood plasma

gamma-globulin, albumin, and sodium ions

______ and ______ are polar

Water, disaccharides

_______ are nonpolar

triglycerides

Frameshift mutation

nucleotides are inserted or deleted