Small Animal GI - Exam 1: What Not to Eat

The primary palate is the fusion of what?

Nasal and maxillary processes

Secondary palate is fusion of what?

Palatine shelves

The incomplete fusion of nasal and maxillary process is what?

Chelioschisis

Incomplete fusion of palatine shelves is what?

Palatoschisis

What are sequelae of palatoschisis?

Starvation and aspiration

Protrusion of the lower jaw is called what?

Prognathia (cavemen are pros)

Protrusion of upper jaw is called what?

Brachygnathia

Anorexia and ptyalism are signs of what?

Stomatitis

What causes viral stomatitis and oral vesicles in the cat?

Feline Calicivirus

What is the vesicobullous autoimmune disease of desmogleins?

Pemphigus vulgaris

What causes progressive, severe inflammation of the mouth in cats, which is a continuum of disease?

Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis

Uremia is associated with what disease?

Chronic renal disease

Uremia leads to an increase in what, which can cause ulcers?

Ammonia

Where are 70% of alimentary tumors?

Oral

What are the odontogenic tumors?

POF/FEPLO and CAA

What is the most common odontogenic tumor?

POF/FEPLO

What odontogenic tumor is pink, expansile, and smooth, but not invasive?

POF/FEPLO

What odontogenic tumor is gray and invasive?

CAA

What benign epithelial tumor occurs in older animals?

Squamous papilloma

What malignant epithelial tumor is invasive, and is the most common oral tumor of cats?

SCC

What mesenchymal tumor affects young dogs and is aggressive?

Fibrosarcoma

What mesenchymal tumor affects the maxillary gingiva of Golden Retrievers?

Maxillary Fibrosarcoma

What is the most common malignant oral tumor in dogs, with frequent metastasis?

Malignant Melanoma

T/F: Melanoma is always pigmented

False

What is the most common non-neoplastic mass?

Gingival Hyperplasia

What do tonsils lack that affect infection?

Afferent lymphatic vessels

Which tonsillar neoplasia is often bilateral?

Lymphoma

What salivary gland disease involves necrosis, regeneration, and squamous metaplasia of ducts?

Necrotizing Sialometaplasia/Salivary Gland Infarction

A cystic saliva filled distension of the salivary duct is called what?

Ranula

A pseudocyst with saliva is called what?

Sialocele

The esophageal motility disorder where sphincters fail to relax is called what?

Achalasia

What disease of young, small breed dogs involves post-weaning dysphagia?

Cricopharyngeal achalasia

What is the hallmark sign of megaesophagus?

Regurgitation after eating

The expulsion of esophageal contents, with gagging and coughing, is what?

Regurgitation

The ejection of stomach and upper intestinal contents, involving abdominal effort, is what?

Vomiting

What is the main cause of congenital megaesophagus?

Persistent right fourth aortic arch

What is the main cause of acquired megaesophagus?

Failure to relax of the distal (cardiac) sphincter

General anesthesia, gastric reflux, and feline calicivirus are all common causes of what?

Esophagitis

Fibroma, fibrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma are neoplasia of the esophagus associated with what?

Spirocerca lupi

What can occur in young puppies after overeating, often due to pyloric obstruction?

Gastric dilation

What life-threatening condition occurs in deep chested dogs and is often seen with lax gastrohepatic ligaments, overfeeding, or postprandial exercise?

Gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV)

What condition involves intestinal twisting, leading to hypoxia?

Volvulus

Which way does the stomach rotate with volvulus?

Stomach rotates clockwise on the ventrodorsal axis when viewed from ventral surface

What is the mechanism that causes death due to pancreatic ischemia?

Myocardial depressant factors lead to arrest

Hematemesis and melena are key clinical signs for what gastric disease?

Ulcers

What tumors are associated with gastric ulcers?

Mast cell and gastrin secreting (zollinger syndrome)

A mineralized stomach is indicative of what disease?

Uremic Gastropathy

Projectile vomiting and gastric dilation, especially in young brachycephalic dogs can be due to what?

Congenital pyloric stenosis

Basenjis, Boxers, and Beagles with diffuse fundic hypertrophy and protein losing gastropathy might have what?

Giant Hypertrophic Gastropathy

What epithelial gastric neoplasia has a scirrhous "napkin ring" lesion?

Adenocarcinoma

What round cell neoplasia affects cats more than dogs?

Lymphoma

Rapid epithelial turnover, mucus, IgA, and GALT are all defense mechanisms of what organ(s)?

Intestines

Occlusion of the intestinal lumen due to development issues is what?

Atresia

Abnormal protrusion of an organ through an opening is what?

Hernia

T/F: Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernias can result in death (especially if you say it three times quickly)

False, peritoneopleural is neonatal death, PP is uneventful

The receiving portion of an intussusception is called what?

Intussuscipiens

Intestine rotating along its long axis, creating an obstruction (typically large animals), is called what?

Torsion

Intestine twisting around itself and the mesentery (common in small animals) is called what?

Volvulus

Infrequent passage of large amounts of fluid feces refers to what diarrhea?

Small bowel

What are the two most important mechanisms of diarrhea in small animals?

Malabsorption and increased permeability

Active loss of electrolytes into the lumen due to inflammation or toxins is what mechanism of diarrhea?

Hypersecretion

Villus atrophy of the small intestine leading to excess osmotic solutes in the lumen is what mechanism of diarrhea?

Malabsorption

Exudative diarrhea due to the retrograde movement of solute and protein rich fluid in the small intestine is classified as what mechanism?

Increased Permeability

Increased rate of peristalsis due to lumen distension is what mechanism of diarrhea?

Hypermotility

Small volume with increased frequency, mucus, and hematochezia describe diarrhea from what portion of the intestines?

Large bowel

Diarrheal feces contains at least what percentage of water?

85%

Viruses cause enterocyte death, leading to diarrhea. What part do Rotavirus and Coronavirus target?

Villi

What virus targets the rapidly dividing crypt cells, leading to villous atrophy?

Parvovirus/Panleukopenia

What is the clinical syndrome that causes malabsorption and PLE due to immune mediated inflammation?

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

What is the most common type of IBD?

Lymphoplasmacytic

A brown discoloration of the tunica muscularis indicates what?

Intestinal Ceroidosis

The pathologic dilation of lymphatic vessels (lacteals) is what?

Lymphangiectasia

Lymphangiectasia is the common cause of what two things in dogs?

Malabsorption and PLE

What is the most common intestinal tumor in the cat?

Lymphoma

What benign epithelial tumor is most commonly at the distal rectum in dogs?

Polyp

What is the relatively common malignant epithelial neoplasia in cats that has a "napkin ring" scirrhous reaction?

Adenocarcinoma

What neoplasia causes diffuse thickening, nodules, and transmural infiltration?

Lymphoma

What is the most common type of lymphoma?

T-cell

What is the marker for T cell lymphoma?

CD3 IHC

What is the marker for B cell lymphoma?

CD79a and Pax5 IHC

What is the marker for large granular lymphocyte lymphoma?

Granzyme B IHC

What is the most common type of lymphoma in cats?

Small cell lymphocytic villus lymphoma with a majority of epitheliotropic T-cell (EATL-type 2), like OBVIOUSLY, why'd you even flip this term STOOPID (jk)

What is the highly invasive, metastatic neoplasia of the anal sac in dogs?

AGASACA (no I'm not spelling it out for you)

What biopsy method is less invasive but is limited by access and only superficial samples?

Endoscopic

What biopsy method is more invasive, has full thickness section, and can sample jejunum and ileum?

Exploratory celiotomy

What is the adequate number of biopsies necessary from the intestines?

At least 6, upwards of 10 to 15

Which biopsy method is best for neoplasia?

Full thickness biopsy

What is the best way to estimate changes in liver size postmortem?

Liver/body weight ratio (4% in small animals)

Of the blood supply to the liver, which one makes up a majority of the blood?

Portal vein

What are the specialized membrane regions of hepatocytes?

Sinusoidal with microvilli and canalicular with tight junctions

T/F: Bile flows centrilobular towards the portal triad

True, opposite of blood

Which zone is most susceptible to hypoxia?

Zone three (centrilobular)

Which zone is most susceptible to toxins?

Zone three (centrilobular) due to higher amounts of cytochrome P450

T/F: It takes a 2.0 mg/dL concentration 2 days to cause jaundice

True

Overproduction, decreased uptake/conjugation, and reduced bile outflow are all mechanism of what?

Hyperbilirubinemia

Portal hypertension, due to either liver or heart disease, leads to what major clinical sign?

Ascites (transudate)

Ulcerative skin lesions with Parakeratosis, Epidermal edema, and basal cell Hyperplasia on biopsy is indicative of what disease?

Hepatocutaneous syndrome (French Flag pattern, red, white, and blue)

What is the shortest living clotting factor?

VII (7)

What clotting factor is not produced by the liver?

VIII (8)

T/F: Portal-systemic shunts are a contributor to all cases of hepatic encephalopathy

False