Adjunct 2 week 1-3 + practice test

What is passive care?

Care that requires no action from the patient

What are the 3 chronological stages of healing?

Acute

Subacute

Chronic

When does the acute stage of healing cover?

0-3 days post-injury

When does the subacute stage of healing cover?

3-14 days

When does the chronic stage of healing cover?

14+ days

What are the 3 phases of healing?

Inflammatory phase

Fibroblastic repair phase

Maturation/Remodeling Phase

What are the signs of inflammation?

SHARP (Swelling, heat, altered function, redness, pain)

What is the purpose of inflammation?

Bring white blood cells and macrophages into the area

What are the 3 steps of white blood cell movement from the blood into tissues?

Margination

Pavementing

Diapedesis

What is margination?

Leukocyte migration to the edge of the blood vessel

What is pavementing?

Leukocyte attachment to the blood vessel wall

What is diapedesis?

Leukocyte movement through the blood vessel wall

What is debridement

Removing the waste and bacteria from an open injury

What is formed initially to stop bleeding?

Platelet plug

What replaces the platelet plug?

Clot formation

What phase of healing do platelet plugs and clot formation occur in?

Acute

What is one of the main precursors of the clot?

Thromboplastin

What is the function of thromboplastin?

Activates prothrombin to thrombin

What is the function of thrombin?

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

What is the function of fibrin?

Forms the infrastructure of the clot

What are the components of a clot?

Fibrin

Fibronectin

Collagen

What are some consequences of chronic inflammation

excessive scar tissue

hypoxia (poor oxygenation)

increased pain and injury

decreased ROM

loss of normal function

How long can the fibroblastic repair phase last?

4-6 weeks

What is the AKA of the fibroblastic repair phase?

Proliferative Phase

What is the name of the initial tissue formed in the fibroblastic repair phase?

Granulation tissue

What is granulation tissue made of?

Fibroblasts, capillaries, and collagen

What are the mechanisms of reducing inflammation?

PRICES

Protect

Rest

Ice

Compression

Elevation

Support

How long can the remodelling phase take?

Up to a year

What determines the realignment of collagen fibre in scar tissue?

Tensile stresses exerted on the tissue

T or F: Scar tissue can grow to be as strong as original tissue?

False

What type of collagen is remodelled in the maturation phase?

Type 3 is remodelled to type 1

Which heals better, a jagged cut or a clean-edged cut?

Clean edged

What causes a jagged-edge cut?

Tearing forces

What factors can impair the healing process?

Extent of injury

Extent of edema or hemorrhage

poor vascular supply

separation of tissue

muscle spasm

corticosteroids

infeciton

health, age, nutrtiion

stress, emotional status

What nutrient should be ingested in higher quantities during the healing process?

Proteins

Which age groups heal slower?

Very young people

Very old people

T or F: You can see signs of infection on X-ray

True

What interventions can chiropractors use for injured patients?

Adjustments

Additional therapies

How can the adjustment help the healing process?

Reduce subluxation

Reduce myospasm

Relieve stress and improve emotional status through pain control and restore proper nerve energy

How can physiotherapy modalities help the healing process?

Reduce the chances of further edema (ice)

Reduce myospasm (e-stim)

Increase vascular supply

Reduce pain

What are the goals for treatment in the acute stage?

Relieve pain

Protect injured tissues

Control swelling

Promote healing

What part of PRICES would prescribing a brace fall under?

Support

What modalities can be used during the acute phase of injury?

Cryotherapy

Electrostim, HVPC, TENS

Ultrasound

Laser

What are the goals for treatment in the subacute stage?

Pain control

Pump edema

Increase circulation

Promote healing - diet, rest

Begin ROM and light resistance

What is the purpose of ROM in the subacute stage?

Promotes collagen formation according tot he correct lines of stress

What modalities are used in the subacute stage of healing?

Cryotherapy

ESC, Laser

US

Contrast baths or superficial heat

What are the goals of care in the chronic stage?

Increase circulation

Increase ROM

Increase strength

Decrease pain

What modalities can be used during the chronic stage

US

superficial heat

ESC

What is the process by which energy travels through space?

Radiant energy

What is the term for two consecutive points on a wave pattern that runs between two peaks or troughs?

Wavelength

What is the term for how many cycles or pulses pass a certain point per second?

Frequency

What is the highest frequency wave in the spectrum?

Gamma waves

What is the lowest frequency wave in the spectrum?

Radio waves

T or F: Waves with a higher frequency carry more energy

True

What is the unit of frequency?

Hz

What is 1 Hz?

1 cycle / second

What are the 4 characteristics of radiant energy?

Any material can produce radiation when sufficient electrical or chemical forces are applied

All radiation travels through space at the same velocity

All radiation travels in a straight line

It may be reflected, refracted, absorbed, or transmitted

What velocity does radiation travel at?

The speed of light

What is the speed of light?

3 x 10^8 m/s

What ar the 4 possible interactions of energy with matter?

Reflection

Refraction

Absorption

Transmission

What is the most common specrtrum used in physiotherapy?

Infrared

What is the term for energy produced by microwaves?

Diathermy

T or F: Radio waves are sometimes used in physiotherapy

False

What is the effect of infrared radiation?

Thermal effects

What is the effect of ultraviolet radiation?

Chemical effects (can cause a disruption of DNA and RNA)

T or F: Ultraviolet radiation has a much lower frequency than infrared

False (infrared radiation has much lower frequency - less energy)

What is the next highest frequency radiation after ultraviolet?

X-rays

What is the arndt-shultz principle?

For a reaction or change to occur in tissue the amount of energy absorbed needs to be adequate to stimulate the absorbing tissues

What is the goal of the arndt Shultz principle?

provide the patient with the appropriate amount of energy per unit of time to stimulate the desired physiological response

What will happen if too much energy is added to tissue?

It will impair normal function and may cause irreparable damage

What is the law of grotthus-draper?

If the energy is not absorbed by superficial tissues, it will penetrate to deeper tissues

What explains the difference between using a 1 or 3 mega hz head?

Law of grotthus draper

What is the cosine law?

As the energy vector approaches a more perpendicular axis with respect to the surface more energy is absorbed by the surface

What law describes the effectiveness of modalities applied at a distance?

Cosine Law

What is the term for the fact that intensity of energy varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source?

Inverse square law

What is the range of ultraviolet radiation?

1800-4200A or 180-420nm

What is the unit of measurement for wavelength?

Angstroms / nm

What is the AKA of UVC?

shortwave / far UV (U can C (see) far)

What is the spectrum of UVC?

1800-2800 A

Which type of ultraviolet radiation is bactericidal?

UVC (bacteriCidal)

Which ultraviolet radiation cannot penetrate ozone?

UVC

What is the spectrum of UVB radiation?

2800-3200 A

Which ultraviolet radiation causes sunburn?

UVB (B for Burn)

What is the AKA for UVA?

longwave / near UV

What is the spectrum of UVA?

3200-4200 A

Which ultraviolet radiation has the greatest amount of energy?

UVC

T or F: UVB is absorbed into the dermal layer

False (it is absorbed superificially)

Which conditions are UV radiation used to treat?

Acne

Vitiligo

Psoriasis

Other systemic effects

What conditions are ultraviolet used to treat?

Dermatological conditions

Antibacterial effects

Osteomalacia

Rickets

Sinusitis

Oropharyngitis

Ulcers

Which vitamin is UV radiation used in the production of?

Vitamin D

What minerals are vitamin D used to help absorb?

Calcium and phosphorus

What spectrum of UV radiation is used to make Vitamin D?

UVB

What UV treatments are used for psoriasis?

tar and UVB or psoralen and UVA

What UV treatments are used for pressure sores?

UVC if they do not respond to antibiotics

What is the most common method of using UV?

Mercury arc

What are the two types of mercury arc lamps?

Low pressure

High pressure

What is the AKA of low pressure mercury arc?

Cold quartz

What is the AKA of high pressure mercury arc?

Hot quartz

What type of UV is emitted by cold quartz?

UVC

What type of UV is emitted by hot quartz?

UVB