PRT 266 NC State Final Exam

Client

A sport-related person, brand, property, media company, or concept represented by a sport agency.

Entitlement

Associating the name of a sponsor with the name of an event, facility, or similarly unique offering in exchange for cash or other considerations (e.g., the Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl or the Staples Center).

Gatekeepers

Individuals or groups responsible for controlling the flow of proposals or solicitations to the decision maker.

Grassroots programs

Programs targeted to people at a primary involvement level, usually participants rather than spectators.

In-house group

A collection of employees who work directly for a property or brand to provide services similar to those commonly performed by outside agencies.

Inventory

The assets that a sport property has to sell.

ROI analysis

A method by which the output or outcome of an investment is calculated in light of the dollars or resources spent on that investment to determine the investment's relative success.

Stakeholder

A person or group with a specific interest or stake in something within the sport industry.

Strategic Planning

A systematic process of envisioning a desired future and translating that vision into broadly defined goals or objectives and a sequence of steps to achieve them.

Turnkey program

A product or service offering that a vendor executes without further involvement from the purchaser (client).

Venue

A facility or site where a special event or sport activity takes place.

full-service agency

Perform a full range or services (ex: IMG)

General agency

Integrated approach to development of clients (ex: 16W marketing)

Specialty agency

Specialize on a specific type of service (ex: Velocity sports/entertainment)

In-house agency

Have ONLY 1 client, perform as gatekeepers to parent company

Seasonality

The variable patterns of tourist visitation throughout the year at a destination. Most destinations have three seasons: a peak season, a shoulder season (which occurs just before and just after the peak), and an off-season.

Destination image

The impression that people (especially potential tourists) have of a certain location.

Mega event

An event, such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup, that garners international participation and attention and is of international significance and scale.

Hallmark event

A major sporting event associated with a certain time each year (e.g., Super Bowl) or a specific geographical location (e.g., Wimbledon).

Small-scale event

Local or regional level event that attracts active sport tourists, such as marathon or triathlon partic-ipants, or event sport tourists, such as spectators of a NCAA regular-season sporting competition.

Synergy

The interaction between two components such as tourism and sport.

Leverage

The interaction between two components such as tourism and sport.

Destination Marketing Organization (DMO)

A community agency funded by "bed taxes," which are the local taxes paid for stays in commercial lodging facilities such as hotels. A DMO promotes tourism in a community and acts as a centralized source of information about events, accommodations, and other visitor-related information.

Sports commission

Local or state agency responsible for attracting and organizing sport events to help communities capitalize on the potential benefits of sport tourism.

Time switchers

Visitors who had been planning to visit the destination and then switched their visit to coincide with the event; their spending cannot be attributed to the event.

Casuals

People who happened to be visiting the destination and chose to attend the event instead of doing something else; their attendance was not their prime reason for visiting the destination.

Displacement effect

When potential tourists are discouraged from visiting a destination because of perceptions of hassles such as crowding and construction or fear of terrorism.

Active sport tourism

Travel to take part in sport (ex: Ski trip)

Event sport tourism

travel to spectate sport (ex: Super Bowl)

Nostalgia sport tourism

travel to experience emotion in sport (ex: Hall of fame)

Sport marketing

The creation and execution of marketing mix strategies (production, pricing, promotion, and distribution) for products and services in the sport business industry to satisfy consumer wants and needs and achieve organizational objectives.

Marketing plans

Comprehensive strategic and tactical frameworks for identifying and achieving a sport organization's marketing goals and objectives.

Marketing mix

The elements of product, price, place, and promotion; sport marketers alter, modify, customize, or manipulate these to achieve marketing goals and objectives.

Product life cycle

The life span stages of a sport product: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.

Internal factors

Factors inside a sport organization that affect sport marketing (e.g., players, owners, team management, staff personnel).

external factors

Factors outside of a sport organization that affect the sport marketing climate (e.g., media, corporate sponsors, advertisers, spectators, geography, culture, economy, federal regulations, regulations of sport governing bodies).

Branding

The process of using a name, design, symbol, or any combination of the three to help differentiate a sport product from the competition.

Market segmentation

The process of identifying smaller and viable clusters of sport consumers who may exhibit similar wants, needs, and interests regarding sport

Sport sponsorship

The acquisition of rights to affiliate or associate with a sport product or sporting event to derive benefits from the affiliation or association (Mullin et al., 2014).

promotion mix

The collection of integrated activities that seek to communicate, inform, and ultimately persuade consumers to participate in the sport consumption activity, experience, or event.

Ambush marketing

When a company who has not paid a rights fee to become an official sponsor attempts to unofficially create an association with a sport property.

place

The comprehensive way sport is distributed to consumers.

Marketing research

The systematic process of obtaining, analyzing, and interpreting data or information to evaluate and improve marketing practices.

Sport communication

A process by which people in sport, in a sport setting or through a sport endeavor, share symbols as they create meaning through interaction.

Effects

Varied results of communication regarding its effect on audience members and society in genera

Strategic Sport Communication Model (SSCM)

Depicts the dynamics of communication and the various settings in which communication occurs in sport

Sport print communication

Communication through printed publications such as sports sections in newspapers, sports magazines, and sport books

Over-the-top (OTT) delivery

The process by which a broadcast network, such as Fox Sports Go or HBO Now, delivers its content directly to a consumer through an Internet app. This delivery can eliminate the need for the consumer to subscribe to a cable or satellite provider.

Sport social media

Sport-specific use of web-based applications to share information, opinions, and experiences.

Sport ephermal social media

Sport-specific use of web-based applications in which the content (e.g., information, opinions, and experiences) is automatically deleted after a designated amount of time.

sport public relations

A managerial communication-based function that identifies key organizational publics and develops desirable relationships with those publics.

Community relations

Focuses on the promotion of charitable initiatives affiliated with the sport organization and the devel-opment of opportunities to directly engage with diverse stakeholders.

Scarcity

The basic economic problem facing all institutions, including sport. A sport product is considered scarce if people want more of the product than is freely available for consumption.

Economic Interaction

The exchange of one product of value for another product of value.

Demand

The relationship between the price of a product and the amount of the product that consumers are willing to buy.

Law of Demand

Consumers will demand less of a product as its price increases and more of a product as its price falls.

Supply

The relationship between the price of a product and the amount of the product suppliers are willing to produce and sell.

Law of Supply

Suppliers will increase production as the price of the product increases and decrease production as the price falls.

market equilibrium

The price at which the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.

Market surplus

A price at which the supplied quantity of a product is greater than the demanded quantity.

Market shortage

A price at which the demanded quantity of a product is greater than the supplied quantity.

Sport economic impact studies

Analyses of how expenditures on sport teams, events, or facilities economically affect a specific geographic region

Privatization

Moving the management of facilities from the public sector to private companies or organizations.

Tax-exempt bonds

Owners of professional sport franchises receive subsidies from local, state, and federal taxpayers when the stadium is financed with government bonds. These bonds are issued at below-market interest rates and are paid for by the exemption of the bonds' interest income.

Booking

Securing and contracting one specific sport or entertainment event.

Bolierplate contract

A generic document that uses standard language and a fill-in-the-blank format to outline expectations between parties

Work order

A document that details all the requirements of an event.

Work breakdown structure (WBS)

A document that divides event tasks into smaller, manageable tasks.

Gantt chart

A bar chart that displays the various tasks and the timeline in which they must be completed.

Run sheet

A detailed schedule of the timing and sequence of the event elements.

Floor plan

An illustration of where equipment or items are placed in the event venue.

Floor diagram

An illustration of how event attendees will move through a venue.

Vulnerability

Any exploitable facility security deficiency

Exercises

Focused practice activities that place staff members in simulated incident scenarios and require them to function in the capacity expected of them in a real-world event.

Command center

A designated area where the command group (security team) controls the security functions by monitoring activities inside and outside the facility

Settlement

Reconciling the expenses and revenue of an event and dividing the profits according to a contracted arrangement.

Documentation

Detailed records that describe an event.

Sport sociology

The scientific investigation of relationships, social interactions, and culture that are created, maintained, changed, and contested in and through sport

Social activism

An intentional action with the goal of bringing about social change.

Socialization

The process by which people learn and develop through social interactions and come to know the environment around them

Title IX

Federal legislation passed in 1972 that amended the 1964 Civil Rights Act and prohibited sex discrimination in edu-cational settings.

Empirical

Based on experimental method and observation versus theory or supposition.

Gender roles

A set of perceived behavioral norms associated particularly with males or females in a given social group or system.

Role learning

A social process by which children learn various roles, such as neighbor, friend, student, sibling, daughter, or son, and the characteristics associated with them.

Homophobia

An irrational fear, a contempt, or an antipathy toward homosexuals and homosexuality.

Heterosexism

An ideology and a behavior that promote privilege for dominant groups (e.g., heterosexuals are the norm and are therefore perceived to be better than homosexuals).

Race logic

An attributional pattern of athletic success in which Black athletes' successes are attributed to natural athletic abilities and genetic advantage and White athletes' achievements are attributed to discipline, intelligence, and hard work.

Stacking

A disproportionate allocation of athletes to central (e.g., "thinking positions") and noncentral positions as a function of their race or ethnicity