Comprehensive HPEZ 375 Final Exam Study Guide: VO₂max, EMG, ECG, Body Composition, Exercise Prescription, Pulmonary

Absolute VO₂

L/min

Relative VO₂

mL/kg/min

Convert absolute to relative VO₂

Relative VO₂ = Absolute VO₂ (L/min) × 1000 / body mass (kg)

Convert relative to absolute VO₂

Absolute VO₂ = (Relative VO₂ × body mass (kg))/1000

Convert lbs to kg

Divide by 2.2

Steady state plateau

VO₂ levels off at submaximal workload (oxygen demand = oxygen supply)

VO₂max plateau

VO₂ no longer increases despite increased workload → indicates max capacity

VO₂peak Criteria

RER ≥ 1.10, HR within ~10 bpm of age-predicted max, RPE ≥ 17, Blood lactate ≥ 8 mmol/L

Factors Influencing VO₂max

Gender, Age, Training status, Genetics

Gases Measured

Oxygen (O₂) and Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

RER formula

RER = VO₂ / VCO₂

Test Termination

If client asks to stop → STOP immediately

VO₂max Definition

Maximum ability of the body to take in, transport, and utilize oxygen

Fick Equation

VO₂ = Q × (a − vO₂ diff), Q = HR × SV

Combined Fick Equation

VO₂ = HR × SV × (a − vO₂ diff)

Steady State & Lactate Threshold

Cannot maintain steady state above lactate threshold

EMG records

Electrical activity of muscle

EMG amplitude reflects

Muscle activation level (motor unit recruitment & firing rate)

ECG Timing

Small box = 0.04 sec, Large box = 0.20 sec

Common graded exercise test (GXT)

Bruce Protocol

Electrical Conduction Pathway

SA node: pacemaker, depolarizes atria; AV node: delays signal; Bundle of His: conducts signal; Bundle branches: send to ventricles; Purkinje fibers: cause ventricular contraction

ECG Waveforms

P wave: atrial depolarization; QRS complex: ventricular depolarization; T wave: ventricular repolarization

R-R Interval

Measures heart rate; During exercise: interval shortens

HR calculation

HR = # large boxes / 300 OR 1500/ # small boxes

Normal Sinus Rhythm

HR: 60-100 bpm, Regular rhythm, Normal P wave before each QRS, Normal intervals

Rhythm Types

Normal sinus rhythm: 60-100 bpm; Sinus bradycardia: <60 bpm; Sinus tachycardia: >100 bpm

BMI Purpose

Quick screening tool for metabolic & cardiovascular disease risk

BMI Calculation

BMI = kg / m²; Convert: lbs → kg ÷ 2.2; cm → m ÷ 100

Body Fat % (Skinfolds)

Calculate body density (Db) - equation given ; Male %fat = [(4.95 /DB) - 4.50} x 100; Female %fat = [(5.01 /DB) - 4.57} x 100

Karvonen Formula (HRR)

TargetHR = [(HRmax − HRrest) × intensity] + HRrest

ACSM Equations Notes

Speed must be in m/min; mph × 26.8 = m/min; Grade must be decimal % / 100

VO₂ Reserve (VO₂R)

VO₂R = VO₂max - VO₂rest; Target VO₂ = (VO₂R × intensity) + VO₂rest; Resting VO₂ = 3.5 mL/kg/min

Four Respiratory Volumes

Tidal Volume (TV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), Residual Volume (RV)

Tidal Volume (TV)

the amt. of air inhaled or exhaled during a single, normal quiet breath

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

the additional volume of air that can be inhaled forcibly after a normal tidal inhalation

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):

the additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation

Residual Volume (RV)

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal, forceful exhalation.

Pulmonary Capacities

Limited by thoracic cavity size