dark ages

constantinople

• theodosian walls saved the city against enemies

• city fell from the weight of the Ottoman Turks

Justinian

leader from the eastern Roman empire

• Nika revolt

• justinian’s code

• hagia sophia

• expansion

nika revolt

fans of the chariot races rioted from people being killed, Justinian arrested the leaders.

justinian’s code

assembled Roman laws from previous eras for modern laws for western Europe

hagia sophia

opulent temple made by Justinian in Constantinople

• known for the temple of holy wisdom

expansion from justinian

recaptured Italy, north Africa, and spain

hippodrome

held chariot races similar to Circus Maximus

herakleios

byzantine leader

• could not supply for his people unless military power reinforced his orders

• theme systems

• battle of yarmuk

• true cross

theme system

“themes” are military districts where civilian administration of territory is replaced with military administration of territory (grew out of the exarchates).

exarchates

military headquarters outside of the heart of the Eastern Roman Empire, such as those in Ravenna and Carthage

true cross

the remnants of the cross on which Jesus was crucified was given to Herakleios from returning from the wars against the Persians

caesaropapism

a temporal leader extends authority over religious matters

Iconoclasm

Christians develop faith in icons which divides the Eastern and Western church.

• the Pope condemns iconoclast policies of the Emperr, so the emperor removes control of Papal state lands from the pope

Leo and Constantine

instituted Iconoclasm which deepens he divide between the Western and Eastern empires and their churches

empress Irene

• murdered her son (usurper).

• she stops the idea of supporting icons for a political power grab. voluntarily exiled.

• was friendly with Charlemagne, a supporter of the Pope.

Basil II

the last of the strong Byzantine emperors.

• had an army of giant vikings

• doubled the size of empire

• “Bulgi slayer”

Battle of manzikert

this battle is important because the Byzantines lose the battle and it shows the relationship change between the Muslims and the Byzantines

• the Byzantines now have no power over Muslims

• results in fall of byzantines

fall of byzantines

conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman empire

• Constantine was killed in battle- dressed as soldier

sultan Mehmed II

emperor of the Ottoman turks attacked Constantinople; he stretched defenses of the Byzantines

Constantine XI

last emperor of Byzantines. dressed as soldier, so his body is not found

monasticism

the idea of monks living in monasteries

• provide access to education and prayer

saint benedict

found many of the monasteries based on the idea of ora etc labora (“work and pray”). the idea was for monks to concentrate on becoming self-sufficient through their labor in addition to their spiritual work

• the Benedict rules for daily life of monks were created to guide them in their journey to be self-sufficient

pope Gregory I

a major supporter of christian monasteries which Gregory sees as useful for providing education and training future church officials

• supporter of missionaries

Saint patrick

lived as a slave in Ireland after his capture by pirates. escaped but returned to Ireland in order to convert the inhabitants to christianity

• Ireland become a Christian stronghold, and Irish monks branch out to many other locations to spread the religion

book of kells

an example of the religious textes produced in monasteries;

• contains parts of the christian gospels with illustrations

lombards

invade the Western Roman empire after Justinian dies

• arian christians but later convert to orthodox christianity

visigoths

arian Christian barbarian group in present Spain.

• emperor reccared converts to orthodox christianity

councils of toledo

powerful church councils from Toledo (capital of visigoths) with strong influence over the Visigoth government and society\

• pass measures that oppress non-Christian communities

franks

roman federates (semi-autonomous group under Roman government rule)

• early converts to Orthodox christianity overcome their distinction as “barbarians.”

civilized

a code word for christian

merovich

the founder of the Merovingian line of kings: the first line of Frankish kings

clovis

king at 15

• united frankish tribes around gaul

• converts to christianity to connect with his subjects

• converted to befriend the priests for help on expanding his kingdom

gavelkind

the idea amongst the franks of succession. division of property from the deceased owner’s land to the sons

salic law of succession

the next king has to be through the male line

mayor of the palace

merovingian kings travelled from royal estate to royal estate to be treated for by household operations

• directed all household operations at the time- important because over time they acquired more responsibility and more power

• power slowly declined

dagobert

last powerful Merovingian king

charles martel

illegitimate son of pippin, the mayor of the palace.

• has to stop Islam from going into France

muslims in France

1. they view Christianity as a religious rival-they want converts

2. slaves are able to be acquired. before, the Muslims could not enslave another muslim

battle of tours

charles Martel splits his army to attack the main army, and attack Muslim tents. Charles wins battle

• important because it stops the incursion of Islam into france

pepin

wanted to be the king of the franks

convinces Pope to be king because Pope needs someone to defend their land

• the beginning of the Carolingian dynasty

catholic church

the wealthiest entity of all of Europe because they have the most land and money

charlemagne

1. charlemagne is responsible for expansion of the Frankish kingdom

2. spreads and protects christianity

3. revives education- the Carolingian revival

roland

papal states

land territories under the direct administration control of the Orthodox Christian church and the pope

miss dominici

translates to the “lord’s emissaries”, Lord meaning king

• two officials working together- one secular member and one member of the clergy who inspected the work of the dukes and counts and reported back to the king

counts

administrative officials in charge of cities with limited control of municipal territories (mayors)

dukes

governors- officials over larger geographical areas

palace chapel at aachen

charlemagne’s favorite palace

• symbol of how the franks were influenced by Muslim architecture and the christian east

frankish education

franks pushed for greater literacy

• resulted in the standardization of uncial and miniscule letters

alcuin

introduced the methods of english learning into the Frankish schools

• an advisor to charlemagne

post charlemagne

Louis I the Pious replaces charlemagne and continues his policies.

treaty of verdun

divides the Frankish controlled kingdoms into three territories; louis I the Pious’ sons are fighting for land

• shows the end of the United caroliginian dynasty

european invaders

new groups challenge the Frankish/Carolingian kings who continue to fight each other. these are:

• the Muslim moors

• the magyars

• and vikings

vikings

from Scandinavia and attacked territories.

• raided others for personal gain

• piracy

viking raids on English territory

viking age in Britain had consequences on culture and language

viking raids on Frankish territory

attacked Paris successfully under Ragnar Lodbrok in 845 AD

• west frankish king Charles the Bald bribes Ragnar to leave with 7,000 french livres or many pounds of silver and gold

charles the simple

gives land grant to Viking king leader Rollo known as Normandy Grant. purpose:

• Encourages Vikings to stop raiding Frankish territory

• Has Rollo protect the mouth of the Seine river against future Viking raids