Genetics and Gene Development

Genes

Specific sequences of DNA that encode instructions to produce proteins or RNA.

Chromosomes

Structures made up of tightly coiled DNA and proteins, containing many genes.

Non-coding DNA

DNA that does not code for proteins but regulates gene expression, maintains chromosome structure, and facilitates important cellular processes.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

Research methods that identify genetic variations across individuals in a population and correlate them with specific traits or behaviors.

Genetic markers

Specific DNA sequences that vary among individuals and can be associated with certain traits or diseases.

Epigenetics

Changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the DNA sequence itself, influenced by environmental factors.

Natural Selection

The process whereby individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to reproduce, causing changes in gene frequencies over time.

Evolutionary psychology

The study of how human behavior is influenced by evolutionary pressures.

Mental modules

Specialized, evolved mental mechanisms designed to solve specific adaptive problems.

Innate human characteristics

Inborn traits or behaviors that contribute to survival and reproduction, such as infant reflexes and a desire to explore.

Sociobiology

The study of how evolution influences social behavior in humans, particularly regarding reproductive strategies.

Heritability

The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that is attributable to genetic differences.

Monozygotic twins

Identical twins that share 100% of their genes.

Dizygotic twins

Fraternal twins that share 50% of their genes.

Intelligence heritability

The extent to which genetic factors contribute to variations in intelligence, typically estimated around 50%.

Nature and Nurture

The interaction between genetics (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) that shapes behavior and intelligence.