LIFE AND CAREER SKILLS

Erik Erikson

A German-born American developmental psychologist known for his Theory of Psychosocial Development, proposing that human development occurs throughout the entire lifespan.

Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)

Basic conflict where infants rely on caregivers for basic needs; consistent care leads to trust, while inconsistency leads to mistrust.

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (1-3 years)

Children develop independence by exploring and doing tasks; support leads to autonomy, while criticism may result in shame and doubt.

Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)

Children take initiative in activities; encouragement fosters purpose, while discouragement leads to guilt.

Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)

Focus on learning new skills; success builds competence, while failure leads to feelings of inferiority.

Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)

Adolescents explore their identity; successful resolution leads to a strong self-identity, while failure results in confusion.

Intimacy vs. Isolation (19-29 years)

Young adults form close relationships; success fosters intimacy, while failure can lead to isolation.

Generativity vs. Stagnation (30-64 years)

Adults contribute to society and guide others; success brings purpose, while stagnation leads to unproductiveness.

Integrity vs. Despair (65 years and older)

Elderly individuals reflect on their lives; fulfillment leads to integrity, while regret can result in despair.

Donald Super

An American psychologist known for developing the Life-Span, Life-Space Theory of Career Development, viewing career choices as a lifetime process influenced by changing self-concepts.

Growth Stage (Birth-14 years)

Individuals develop interests and attitudes toward work, shaping their self-concept through early experiences.

Exploration Stage (15-24 years)

Focus on exploring career options, trying new experiences, and making decisions about future career paths.

Establishment Stage (25-44 years)

Entering the workforce, gaining experience, and building a career, aiming for stability and advancement.

Maintenance Stage (45-64 years)

Focusing on maintaining career positions, adapting to changes, and remaining productive in the workplace.

Decline/Disengagement Stage (65 years and above)

Reducing work responsibilities, preparing for retirement, and shifting focus to personal life and leisure activities.