Political Ideologies and Historical Figures Practice Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering political systems, economic models, legal charters, and influential philosophers as discussed in the lecture notes.

Modern Liberalism

Supports government intervention to promote social justice and address inequality, aiming to balance individual freedoms with collective welfare

Classical Liberalism

Advocates for minimal government interference, emphasizing individual rights, free markets, and limited state power.

Individualism

A social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.

Collectivism

Emphasizes the group's needs and goals over individual desires, promoting shared responsibility and common good.

Rule of Law

The principle that all individuals and institutions are subject to and accountable under the law, ensuring fairness and justice.

Progressivism

A movement advocating for social reform and government action to address issues like inequality, environmental protection, and workers' rights.

Laissez Faire Capitalism

An economic system with minimal government intervention, where businesses operate freely based on supply and demand.

Industrialization

The process of developing industries on a large scale, leading to economic and social changes.

Limited Government

A political system where the government's powers are restricted by laws or a constitution to protect individual freedoms.

Classic Conservatism

Emphasizes tradition, social stability, and institutions like family and religion, advocating for gradual change rather than radical reform.

Marxism

A theory by Karl Marx that critiques capitalism and advocates for a classless society focusing on the role of labour in the human community and the impact of economics in social structure.

Socialism

An economic system where the means of production are owned and controlled by the community or state, aiming for equal distribution of wealth.

Welfare Capitalism

A system where businesses provide social welfare programs to employees, blending capitalist and social welfare principles

Labour standards and Unions

Regulations ensuring fair wages and working conditions, with unions representing workers' interests.

Universal suffrage

The right of all adult citizens to vote in elections, regardless of gender, race, or social status.

Welfare state

A government that provides social services like healthcare, education, and unemployment benefits to its citizens.

Feminism

The advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of equality of the sexes.

Communism

A classless, stateless society where all property is owned communally, aiming to eliminate private ownership.

Facism

An authoritarian and nationalistic ideology, prioritizes the nation above individual rights and often features a dictatorial leader, centralized state control, and the suppression of opposition.

Expansionism

The policy of expanding a nation's territory or influence through diplomacy or military force.

Deterrence

The strategy of preventing hostile actions by threatening significant retaliation.

Brinkmanship

The practice of pushing dangerous events to the edge of disaster to achieve the most advantageous outcome.

Detente

The easing of strained relations, especially between countries, through diplomacy.

Non-Alignment

The policy of not aligning with any major power bloc, maintaining independence in foreign affairs.

Aboriginal collective thought

Indigenous perspectives emphasizing community, interconnectedness, and respect for the land and traditions.

Environmentalism

Advocacy for the protection and preservation of the natural environment from harmful human activities.

Neo Conservatism

A political philosophy that combines traditional conservative values with a proactive foreign policy and free-market economics.

Extremism

Holding radical views that are far outside the mainstream, often leading to actions that challenge societal norms.

Economic Equality

A state where wealth and income are distributed fairly among individuals in a society.

Consensus

General agreement among a group, especially in decision-making processes.

Authoritarian

A governing system where power is concentrated in the hands of a leader or a small elite, with limited political freedoms.

Traditional Economy

An economic system based on customs, traditions, and beliefs, where goods and services are produced for personal use.

Free Market Economy

An economic system where prices are determined by supply and demand with minimal government intervention.

Command Economy

An economic system where the government makes all decisions regarding the production and distribution of goods and services.

Mixed Economy

An economic system combining elements of free markets and government intervention.

American Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, guaranteeing individual freedoms like speech, religion, and assembly.

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Part of Canada's Constitution, protecting rights such as freedom of expression, assembly, and the right to a fair trial.

Quebec charter of rights and freedoms

A provincial law in Quebec that protects fundamental rights and freedoms within the province.

Censorship

The suppression or prohibition of speech, writing, or images considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security.

Racism

Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior.

Terrorism

The unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.

Citizenship

The status of being a recognized member of a country, with rights and duties.

Dissent

Lawful disagreement with or opposition to government policies or actions

Political Participation

Engaging in activities like voting, campaigning, or public discussions to influence government decisions.

Citizen Advocacy

Efforts by individuals or groups to promote or protect the rights and interests of citizens.

Humanitarian crisis

A situation causing widespread human suffering, often due to conflict, natural disasters, or economic instability.

Mccarthyism

A vociferous campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy in the period 1950–54.

John Locke

An Enlightenment thinker who promoted the ideas of natural rights and government by consent, forming the foundation of classical liberalism.

Montesquieu

A political philosopher who argued for the separation of powers in government, influencing modern democratic systems and liberal thought.

Adam Smith

An economist known as the father of capitalism, who promoted free markets and limited government through his concept of the "invisible hand."

John Stuart Mill

A liberal philosopher who advocated for individual freedom, free speech, and the protection of minority rights and his theory of Utilitarianism.

Karl Marx

A revolutionary thinker who critiqued capitalism and somewhat created communism, proposing it as a classless alternative and writing the communist manifesto.

Joseph Mcarthy

A U.S. senator known for leading anti-communist witch hunts during the Cold War, symbolizing the dangers of extremism and suppression of dissent.