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PSA
Prostate-associated marker but not cancer-specific
CA-125
Associated with ovarian cancer but low specificity, not used as standalone test but useful in symptomatic pathway monitoring
HE4
CA-125 combination improves specificity for ovarian cancer
AFP
elevated in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis without cancer
HCC surveillance, insufficient and requires combination imaging
Germ cell tumour markers
beta-HCG, AFP and LDH, consider assay interference before diagnosis
CEA
colorectal cancer monitoring post-treatment
CA19-9
associated with pancreatic and biliary malignancy, consider cholestasis before interpretation
Thyroglobulin
thyroid cancer monitoring post-treatment, thrydectomy / radioiodine treatment
Liquid biopsy
tumour material analysis from blood, provides molecular info
PCR liquid biopsy
Highly sensitive to known variants but cannot discover new ones
Target NGS
gene mutation detection, sensitivity depends on design
Use of liquid biopsy
minimally invasive genotyping, tumour monitoring for treatment
Liquid biopsy limitaitons
hard to screen whole populations, requires extremely high specificity