Theories of Human Development

What is a theory in human development?

- A set of concepts and propositions intended to describe and explain phenomena.

What is the core premise of Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

- Irrational, unconscious drives and motives originating in childhood underlie human behavior.

What are the ages and focus of Freud's Oral Stage?

- Birth to 1 year

- Focus is on pleasurable sensations in the mouth (sucking, feeding).

What are the ages and focus of Freud's Anal Stage?

- 1 to 3 years

- Focus is on toilet training and pleasurable sensations in the anus.

What are the ages and focus of Freud's Phallic Stage?

- 3 to 6 years

- Focus is on genital stimulation and pride/curiosity regarding the penis.

What are the ages and characteristics of Freud's Latency stage?

- 6 to 11 years

- An interlude where sexual needs are quiet and energy flows into schoolwork.

What are the ages and focus of Freud's Genital Stage?

- 12 years and older

- Focus is on seeking sexual satisfaction in heterosexual relationships.

How does Erikson's theory differ from Freud's?

- Emphasizes family and culture rather than sexual urges

- Focuses on rational, adaptive nature

What are the ages and conflict of Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust stage?

- Birth to 1 year

- Babies learn to trust that others will satisfy basic needs or develop mistrust.

What are the ages and conflict of Erikson's Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage?

- 1 to 3 years

- Children strive to be self-sufficient or doubt their own abilities.

What are the ages and conflict of Erikson's Initiative vs. Guilt stage?

- 3 to 6 years

- Children try to undertake adultlike activities or internalize parental limits.

What are the ages and conflict of Erikson's Industry vs. Inferiority stage?

- 6 to 11 years

- Children busily practice and master new skills or feel inferior.

What are the ages and conflict of Erikson's Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

- 12 to 20 years

- Adolescents ask "Who am I?" to establish personal identities or face confusion.

What are the ages and conflict of Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?

- 20 to 40 years

- Young adults seek companionship and love or become isolated.

What are the ages and conflict of Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation stage?

- 40 to 65 years

- Middle-aged adults contribute to future generations or stagnate.

What are the ages and conflict of Erikson's Integrity vs. Despair stage?

- 65 years and older

- Older adults view life as a meaningful whole or despair.

What is another name for Learning Theory?

- Behaviorism

What is Classical Conditioning?

- Associating a meaningful stimulus to a naturally occurring stimulus.

Who conducted the famous Classical Conditioning experiment on "Little Albert"?

- John B. Watson

What is Operant Conditioning?

- Learning where behavior probability changes depending on the consequences it produces.

What is Positive Reinforcement in operant conditioning?

- Adding a desirable stimulus to increase the strength of a behavior.

What is Negative Reinforcement in operant conditioning?

- Removing an undesirable stimulus to increase the strength of a behavior.

What is Positive Punishment in operant conditioning?

- Adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease the strength of a behavior.

What is Negative Punishment in operant conditioning?

- Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the strength of a behavior.

How does Social Learning Theory propose that behavior is learned?

- By observing others and noting the consequences of their actions.

What is a key assumption about children in Piaget's Cognitive Theory?

- Children are active, motivated learners who construct knowledge from experiences.

What is a "scheme" in Piaget's theory?

- Groupings of similar actions or thoughts used to understand the world.

What is Cognitive Adaptation?

- The process of adjusting to the demands of the environment.

What is Assimilation in cognitive adaptation?

- Reinterpreting new experiences to fit into existing, old ideas.

What is Accommodation in cognitive adaptation?

- Restructuring old ideas to include and account for new experiences.

What are the four steps of cognitive adaptation in order?

1. Assimilation

2. Conflict/disequilibrium

3. Accommodation

4. New equilibrium

What are the ages of Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage?

- Birth to 2 years

What are the characteristics of the Sensorimotor Stage?

- Learning through active senses and motor abilities without reflection.

What is Object Permanence?

- The understanding that objects still exist even when they are out of sight.

What are the ages of Piaget's Preoperational Stage?

- 2 to 6 years

What are the characteristics of the Preoperational Stage?

- Symbolic thinking and language development

- Children are egocentric.

What is Egocentrism in Piaget's theory?

- Perceiving and understanding the world solely from one's own perspective.

What are the ages of Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage?

- 6 to 11 years

What are the characteristics of the Concrete Operational Stage?

- Understanding and applying logic

- Thinking is limited by direct experience.

What is Conservation in cognitive development?

- The realization that physical properties remain unchanged even when appearance is altered.

What are the ages of Piaget's Formal Operational Stage?

- 12 years through adulthood

What are the characteristics of the Formal Operational Stage?

- Abstract and hypothetical thinking

- Systematic analysis and testing of ideas

What are the two biologically based drives in Evolutionary Theory?

- Survival

- Reproduction

What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory?

- Human development results from dynamic interactions between developing persons and their surrounding culture.

What is Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

- Skills and concepts a learner is close to acquiring but needs help with.

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