Bio 2 Lab #1

Alveolates

Plasma membrane has membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli)

Wide variety of habitats

Amoebozoans

Lobe or tube shaped pseudophodia

Apicomplexans

Uni

Endoparasites- focus animals

Uses apical complex to penetrate host red blood cells

Plasmodium- malaria via female mosquitos

Archaeplastida

Origin of plastids

Autotrophic

Photosynthetic (plant-like)

Brown Algae & Kelps

Multicelular

Chlorophylls a & c

Common in cold water currents

Cell wall made of cellulose

Cellular Slime Mold Life Cycle

Solitary hap amoebas divide asexually by mitosis

2 hap amoebas fuse to from doploid zygote undergoes meiosis to prdouce more hap amoebas (sexual)

Solitary hap amoebas form aggreate when food scarce

Aggregate migrates before stopping and forming stalk w fruiting body

Amoebas w/in aggregate crawl up stalk and develop into spores

Spore are released and produce solitary amoebas when conditions favorable

Asexual and sexual

Cellular Slime Molds

Individual haploid cells but can form aggregate when food scarce

Aggregate functions as asexual fruiting body

Heterotrophic on detritus

Convergent evol to act like fungi

Cercozoans

Uni

Hetero- but parasites on plants, animals, protists

Amoeboid and flagellated protists

Thread-like pseudopodia on amoeboids

Marine, freshwater and soil

Chromalveolates

Includes Alveolates & Stramenopiles

2 of 3 SAR

Cilia

Short, hair-like extensions covering cell wall used to swim

Ciliates

Uni

Cilia for locomotion

Ingestive heterotrophs (predators)

2 types of nuclei- macro gov cell and micro for reproduction (binary fission)

Oral groove leads prey to "place of ingestion"

Diatoms

Unicellular

Chlorphys a & c

Glass-like cell wall w hydrated silica

Toothpaste

Impacts global CO2 levels

Dinoflagellates

Unicellular

Cellulose cell wall w reinforced plates

2 flagella in groves

Both marine and freshwater

Photo, hetero, or mixo

Photo have chlorophylls a &c

Sybiotic relationship w coral

Create red tide

Trichocysts organelles (mini harpoons)

Diplomonads

Parasitic

2 equal sized nuclei

Multiple flagella

Mitosomes instead of mitochondria

Giaradia intestinalis- "beaver fever"

Entamoebas

Uni

Parasitic

Entamoeba species

E. Hisolytica spreads via bad drinking water

Brain-eating

Euglenids

Most photo auto, some mixo- mixo when no light

Chlorophylls a & b

Pellicle no cell wall

Euglenoids

Flagella w spiral or crystallin rod-like strucutre

All typles- heterotrophs, photo auto, mixo, and parasites

Excavata

"excavated" feeding grove on one side

Unique flagella

Modified mitochondria

Unicellular

Flagella

Single, long, hair-like extension used to swim

Forams/Foraminiferans

Uni

Heterotrophs w symbiotic, photosynthetic algae

Calcium carbonate shells- "tests"

Marine & freshwater

Formed White Cliffs of Dover, limestone, flint

Golden Algae

Uni- and multicellular

Chlorophylls a & c

Form cysts if conditions worsen

Carbohydrates as laminarin

Green Algae

Uni and mult

Chlorophyll a & b

Freshwater

Carbohydrates-starch

Cell wall-cellulose

Heterotrophic

Ingestive (animal-like) and absorptive (fungus-like)

Hydrogenosome

Reduced mitochondrion

Anaerobic- no oxidative phosphorylation

Kingdom Parabasala

Kinetoplastids

Predatory heterotrophs (prokaryotes) and parastitic (animals, plants, other protists)

Trypanosoma speices- T. bruceii (sleeping sickness via fly) & (Trypanosoma Chagas' disease via blood suckers)

Termite flagellates in termite guts help digest cellulose

Mitochondrion with Kinetoplast

Much larger

Aerobic and anaerboic

DNA mass (kinetoplast)

Kingdom Euglenozoa

Mitosome

Very reduced

Anaerobic- no ETC, no oxidative phosphorylation, no ATP generation

Kingdom Diplomonadida

Mixotrophic

Both heterotrophic and autotrophic

Parabasalids

Parasitic

Hydrogenosomes instead of mitochondria

Trichomonas vaginalis- STD mess w vaginal acidity

Plasmodial Slime Mold Life Cycle

Diploid zygote miotic divisions (no cytokinesis) forming large unicellular plasmodium

Plasmodium produces sporangia

Sporangium contains diploid cells undergo meiosis produce haploid spores

Haploid spore contains either flagellate or amoeboid cell which fertilize opp cell type produce new diploid zygote

Asexual

Plasmodial slime Molds

Large, unicellular mass called plasmodium (diploid and acts as feeding stage)

Heter on deritus

Convergent evol to act like fungi

Pseudopodia

Cytoplasm-filled projections of the cell wall used to crawl

Radiolarians

Uni

Hetero

Movement via axopodia

Internal skeleton comprised of silica

Marine water

Red Algae

Multi

Most photo, some hetero/parasites

Chlorophylls a & d

No flagellated gametes

Calcium carbonate walls (Coraline algae)

Use for agar, nori wraps, thickener

Rhizarians

Amoebas and flagellated protists

SAR supergroup

Stramenopiles

Alveolates

Rhizarians

Stramenopiles

Looks like covered in little hairsPhoto auto and heteroLong hairy flagellum w short smooth one

Tubulinids

Uni

Hetero on bacteria, other protists, or detritus

Large and diverse group of amoebozoans

Soil, freshwater, and marine

Unikonta

Similar myosin protein structures

Oomycetes

Some uni other multi w cellular units called hyphae

Cell wall-cellulose

Diploid dominant lifecycle (produce large egg)

Heterotrophic- decomposes organic matter