HST 121 Review

How and why did political factions emerge in the new nation?

Americans were disagreeing on how they wanted things ran, between the federalists and republicans, they wanted different values. These two separate parties are the federalists and republicans.

Who ran the federalists, and how did they want the new nation to be ran?

Alexander Hamilton, he believed that there should be a strong central government (take on all war debts), connected with Britain and France, the economy should be focused on manufacturing and finance, establish the Bank of the United States (bonds), impose taxes/tariffs for paying off debt, and was made up of merchants and manufacturers

Who ran the republicans, and how did they want the new nation to be ran?

Jefferson and Madison, weak central government, U.S. should isolate, the economy is focused on small producers who grow staples, and opposed taxation, especially at the federal level

What was the “Revolution of 1800”?

When Thomas Jefferson was elected president, the power was peacefully transferred from the federalists to the republicans, and there was no violence or war that occurred

What factors led to the Market Revolution?

Technological innovations, industrial innovations, communication, westward expansion, labor changes, and expansion of markets

How did Americans react to the arrival of new immigrants?

People were worried about jobs, were suspicious of their culture, nativism, but some welcomed them

How did voting rights expand in the first half of the 1800’s?

There was no property requirements, meaning that all white men could vote

What was the Missouri Crisis?

There was an equal amount of free and slave states, but having Missouri as a slave state would tip the power towards the south, to solve this, Missouri was admitted as a slave state, and Maine was admitted as a free state, there was no slavery north of the 36 degree 30 latitude line, except for Missouri

What was the second party system (Democrats vs. Whigs)

Intense political competition: Democrats (Andrew Jackson), supported limited government, states’ rights, westward expansion, and the “common man.” The Whigs (led by Henry Clay) strong federal government, economic modernization, high tariffs, and a national bank What w

What was the South Carolina nullification crisis?

The U.S. passed high tariff laws that severely hurt South Carolina’s economy, they said that they could null federal laws that they didn’t agree with, but Andrew Jackson disagreed, and said that states cannot ignore the federal government, and he threatened to get the military involved

Why were Indians in the southeast forcibly removed from their homes to Indian Territory?

The U.S. government and settlers wanted the land, as the soil was great for farming and plantations for cotton, they were removed from their homes and send down to Indian Territory (Oklahoma), known as Trail of Tears for the terrible journey

Why did slavery spread into the Deep South in the 1800’s?

The invention of the cotton gin, high global demand for cotton, and the need for fertile soil for cotton production

What was the Second Middle Passage?

The internal movement and forced migration of African Americans from the Upper South to the Lower South, many were separated even further distances than the first Middle Passage

How was the proslavery argument different from the founders view of slavery?

They said that slavery was a “necessary evil” and turned into a “positive good,” which is much different than what the founders said, saying that it was detrimental and temporary

What was slavery like in the antebellum south?

Chattel Slavery, where many African Americans were forced into intense agricultural labor, and were treated as property, could be subject to violence or nice masters, and what each slave did was varied

How did slave families operate?

They weren’t officially married, as marriage wasn’t legal for slaves, had the fear of being sold or moved away from their families, and had no way to protect their children, however, they were able to form family units in and across plantations, and created kinship for support

What role did free blacks play in the South?

They weren’t enslaved, but still were restricted, many worked as skill laborers, formed independent black communities, but had limited political rights, as they couldn’t vote or serve on a jury nor testify, however, they did help to rebuild the African American culture

What was the Second Great Awakening?

It was a major religious movement, it was with the Protestants, where there was a huge focus on emotional worship, having a personal relationship with God, and social reform

What was the difference between abolitionism and antislavery activism?

Abolitionists were the radicals of the time; they wanted everything done quickly, and wanted the immediate end of slavery, and fought for full equality for African Americans

Antislavery activism was focused on a gradual end or limiting the expansion of slavery, they often supported segregation/colonization against slavery in general, but not for an immediate end

How did the Mexican American War expose the sectional rift between North and South?

After the U.S. gained a huge amount of land, which started to build what is now the west United States. With this, came disagreements about the establishment of slavery in the new land. The North said to keep slavery out, while the South said it should exist. There was the Wilmot Proviso, which the North supported, and the South didn’t, as it stated that slavery shouldn’t exist in the new territories. Due to this, there was more tensions, which further separated the North and South.

What was the Compromise of 1850?

It was to relieve the tensions in the North and South. California became a free state, ended slave trade in D.C., Fugitive Slave Law was enacted, and Local whites decided on slavery

How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act lead to the downfall of the Whig party?

The Act stated that Kansas and Nebraska should become separate territories, but this violated the Missouri Compromise. It forced the Whig Party to take on a clear position of slavery, where the North Whigs opposed the expansion, while the South Whigs supported the expansion of slavery, which left the party at a deep split, which led to the downfall of the Whig party, which they couldn’t come to one agreement

What led to the rise of the Republican Party?

The Kansas-Nebraska Act, the downfall of the Whig Party, Opposition of Slavery (saw it as hindering free labor), Democrats divided the North and South

What was the Dred Scott decision?

A Supreme Court ruling that stated enslaved people were NOT U.S. citizens, had no right to sue in federal court, and Congress could not prohibit slavery in U.S. territories

Why did the Democratic Party divide in the Election of 1860?

There was a huge disagreement over slavery-

North: believed in popular sovereignty

South: Federal protection of slavery in all territories (slavery everywhere)

What were the advantages of the Union during the Civil War?

Higher population, more factories (more money), and they already had an established military and government (The U.S.)

What were the advantages of the Confederates during the Civil War?

Had goals to protect land and families, had a much stronger military leader, and knew the geography well

Why did Lincoln decide to make emancipation a goal of the war?

In order to cripple the Confederate’s war efforts, strengthen the Union military (many enslaved were escaping to Union lines, so they had to figure out what to do with them), and made it hard for Great Britain and France to join with the Confederacy, since the countries had already abolished slavery

What did the 13th Amendment do?

It abolished slavery NATIONWIDE, not just in slave states