Neuro Exam 2 Quiz Questions

**When threshold is reached at the Axon Hillock, an action potential is initiated through which of the following mechanisms?**

Opening of NA+ channels

After an action potential is initiated, the inside becomes positive.  What is this referred to?

Reversal in polarity

What is the charge inside of a neuron during the peak of the action potential?

\+40mv

The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter

glutamate

Which ionic action is responsible for the relative refractory period of an action potential?

K+ leaves the cell

Which mechanism is responsible for restoring the resting membrane potential following the relative refractory period?

K+ leaving the cell

Muscarine is a hallucinogen that is an agonist at muscarinic receptors. Which of the following neurotransmitters is this type of receptor associated with?

Acetylcholine

What would be the effect of a substance blocking autoreceptors on neuron

Agonist, neurotransmitter release would be enhanced

Low levers of the neurotransmitter serotonin have been found to associated with which of the following conditions?

Schizophrenia

The tether like structures that allow the vesicles to bind with the membrane and releases a neurotransmitter are referred to?

SNARES

If a drug blocks reuptake, which of the following would be true?

Act as an agonist - neurotransmitter left in the synapse longer

In the mammalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is

GABA

Drugs that block GABA receptors tend to cause

seizures and anxiety

The terms "nicotinic" and "muscarinic" refer to families of _______ receptors.

acetylcholine

Most antipsychotic medications act by blocking _______ receptors.

dopaminergic

Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam or other anxiolytics, appear to modulate the activity of the neurotransmitter

GABA

You discover a protein that has a binding site for benzodiazepines, steroids, and barbiturates. This protein probably binds to which of the following?

GABA

Blocking the activity of MAO would have which of the following effects?

Agonist - more neurotransmitters placed into vesicles

Which of the following systems is damaged in Parkinson' disease? 

Mesostriatal

The destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release—for example, the destruction of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase is referred to as?

Enzymatic breakdown

Receptors in the terminal button that become active when large numbers of NT present and inhibit the release of additional neurotransmitter are referred to as?

Autoreceptors

in terms of neurotransmitters, what purpose is served by synthesizing enzymes?

Combines precursors

Activity of the nucleus accumbens is associated with the activity of which neurotransmitter?

Dopamine

If a drug blocked CA++ channels in the terminal button, what would be the effect?

Antagonist - less neurotransmitter released

Ketamine is a hallucinogen which functions by blocking NMDA receptors. Which neurotransmitter typically activates NMDA receptors?

Glutamate

The ability for the pre-frontal cortex in produce IPSP to allow for socially acceptable behavior is associated with activity of which of the following?

Mesolimbocortical Dopaminergic

Adderall and cocaine are both drugs that can produce arousal, which neurotransmitter and which neural area do they both activate?

Norepinephrine - called Locus Coeruleus

When activated the Raphe Nucleus inhibits pain, which two neurotransmitters are involved?

Serotonin and Endorhins

Which of the following exert their effects by acting as endorphin receptor agonist?

alcohol

Plymouth is taking a recreational drug that is blocking autoreceptors, which of the following would be true about the effect of this drug

Would act as an agonist - more neurotransmitter is being released

Bangor is taking Morphine, a drug that acts as a receptor agonist for the endogenous opioids, while on this drug he is not as bother by strong emotions.  Which of the endogenous opioid neurotransmitters is most responsible for this effect?

Enkephalins

Cleveland has Parkinson's disease and is taking a substance called L-Dopa which is a precursor for dopamine.  Which of the following effects would this medication have?

Would act as an agonist, more dopamine is being created

Dayton is taking a drug that has a low therapeutic index.  What does this refer to?

The toxic dose is too close to the effective dose

a drug is considered to be "negligible" when what concentration has been reached?

5%

The dose at which a drug shows effectiveness in half of the population is referred to as?

ED50

the degree to which a drug is able to induce a given effect if referred to as?

Clinical effectiveness

Burlington is taking a drug that is enhancing the activity of a synthesizing enzyme.  Which of the following effects would occur?

Would act as an agonist, more neurotransmitter would be produded

Antidepressants tend to have a well-defined dose effectiveness relationship.  Doses which are too high or too low tend to show little effectiveness.  This is referred to as?

Well defined therapeutic window

Which of the following class of medications activate companion receptors thus increasing the affinity of GABA?

Anxiolytics

Narcotics are substances that occupy and activate endogenous opioid receptors.  What would be the effect of taking one of these substances?

Enhance activity by acting as a receptor agonist

Arlington is taking a drug that has a half-life of 5 hours.  How long will it take for 96.9% of the drug to be eliminated for his body?

25 Hours

Denver is taking a MAO inhibitor to treat his depression.  What would be the desired effect on his Nucleus accumbens?

Would increase activity because more dopamine would be placed into vesicles

Ms. Anna Appolis is taking an SSRI to treat her depression.  Her dose response curve in non-monotonic.  What does the refer to?

Is not effective at high and low doses

Which of the following terms indicated the range of effective doses?

Therapeutic window

Olympia has been diagnosed with epilepsy (a seizure disorder), which category of medication will she most likely be prescribed?

Anxiolytic

The dose which produces first signs of toxicity in 50% of the population is referred to as?

TD50

After taking a sedative (anxiolytic) for a long period of time Austin has developed tolerance to the substance.  The drug he is taking enhances the activity of GABA.  Which of the following would contribute to his increased tolerance?

Increased activity of Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes

Akron is taking a drug that is decreasing the activity of a synthesizing enzyme.  What would be the impact of this substance?

Antagonist - less neurotransmitter would be produced

After chronic use of recreation narcotics, Bismarck is resistant to surgical anesthetics.  What is the phenomenon referred to as? 

Cross-tolerance

With most medications, unwanted side-effects occur, this is related to which of the following?

Secondary binding

Medications must be taken in higher doses if which of the following is true?

They have a low receptor affinity

While neuroleptics decrease the schizophrenic symptoms is over 70% of individuals with schizophrenia, they can cause movement disorders like Tardive Dyskinesia.  Why does this unwanted side-effect occur?

Neuroleptics act as dopamine antagonist in the mesostriatal dopaminergic system.

Drugs which block the activity of Acetylcholine Esterase (involved in enzymatic breakdown) have which of the following effects

Agonist - would leave neurotransmitter in the synapse longer

Metabolic tolerance can be accomplished through which of the following mechanisms?

Increased activity of Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes

Neuroleptics exert their therapeutic effect through which of the following mechanisms?

Act as receptor antagonist in the Mesolimbocortical dopaminergic system

To be designated as an over-the-counter (OTC) medication, a drug must contain which of the following

A very high therapeutic index

Functional tolerance to a medication can be accomplished through which of the following mechanism?

Down-regulation of receptors

Drugs that we ingest are reduced to metabolites.  When the metabolites are active and can cause unwanted (or wanted!) side-effects which have which of the following?

Biotransformation

Neuroleptics have been found to decrease hallucinations and delusions in over 70% of schizophrenic patients.  Which of the following describes how this is accomplished? 

Act as receptor antagonist in the Mesostriatal Dopaminergic system

Lithium can be used to treat psychotic symptoms of bipolar disorder.  Which of the following describes how this is accomplished?

Reduces the activity of the synthetic enzyme decarboxylase

Jay Giles is taken a drugs that make his vesicles leaky.  What would be the effect of this substance?

Antagonist- less neurotransmitters would be released into the synapse

Changing a drug to an inactive metabolite occurs through which of the following mechanisms?

By blocking the reuptake of 5-HT and NE

Which of the following medications prevent the breakdown of neurotransmitter in the terminal button?

MAOIs

Drug serves as precursor, drug stimulates postsynaptic receptor (nicotine), drug stimulates release of NT, drug blocks autoreceptors, drug inactivates acetocholinesterase, drug that binds to receptor

agonist

Drug inactivates synthetic enzyme inhibitos synthesis of NT, drug precents storage of NT in vesicles, drug inhibits release of NT, drug blocks postsynaptic receptor, drug stimulates autoreceptors, drug that binds to receptor on primary site

antagonist