Unit 6 Nationalism, Revolution, and The Rise of Totalitarianism

League of Nations

its establishment marked a post-WW1 effort to foster global collaboration and prevent future conflicts

The Dawes Plan

• aimed at resolving the aftermath of WW1 and stabilizing Germany

• Germany's annual reparation payments would be reduced, increasing over time as its economy improved

The New Deal

• its introduction aimed to address the economic challenges posed by the Great Depression through a series of programs and policies

• restored sense of security as it put people back to work

Social Security Act

• a cornerstone of social welfare in the US, providing benefits to retired and disabled individuals

Albert Einstein

• known for his contributions to the understanding of space and time

• was a prominent physicist who developed the theory of relativity

Kellogg Briand Pact

• renounced war as a means of national policy, promoting peace through diplomatic channels

• outlawed war as an instrument of national policy and the second called upon signatories to settle their disputes by peaceful means

Inflation

• refers to the persistent increase in prices of goods and services, diminishing the purchasing power diplomatic channels

Treaty of Versailles

• the peace treaty after WW1 that contributed to economic instability

Weimar Republic

• faced economic and political challenges as the democratic government of Germany during the World Wars

The Lost Generation

• often depicted by literature and art, referring to those disillusioned by their experiences during or after WW1

Uncertainty Principle

• idea in quantum mechanics which asserts that certain pairs of properties, like position and momentum, cannot be precisely known simultaneously

• formulated by Werner Heinsberg

Treaty of Locrano

• aimed to ensure European peace by guaranteeing existing borders and resolving territorial disputes

• series of agreements whereby Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Italy mutually guaranteed peace in western Europe

Reparations

• payments made by Germany to the Allies, serving as compensation for damages caused during WW1

• part of Treaty of Versailles

Surrealism

• art movement characterized by unconventional and fantastical imagery

• emerged in 1920’s

Tariffs

• taxes imposed on imported or exported goods, often utilized to protect domestic industries

John Maynard Keyes

• economist that advocated for government intervention in the economy to alleviate the impact of economic downturns

Stock Market crash of 1929

• marked the onset of the Great Depression, leading to widespread economic hardship

Dada

• rejected traditional conventions

• was an avant-garde art movement embracing chaos and irrationality

Collective Bargaining

• involves negotiations between employers and employees to reach agreements on working conditions and terms of employment.

Benito Mussolini

• emerged in Italy after WW1 under the leadership of Fascism

• implemented policies to boost the Italian economy and strengthen the state

Fascism

• political ideology that advocated for a strong centralized government with absolute power

March on Rome

• carried out by Mussolini and his followers to seize power in Italy

• his regime recognized the sovereign independent area within Rome as Vatican City

Totalitarian State

• established by Mussolini

• the government had total control over all aspects of public and private life

Fascist Youth

• its establishment aimed to indoctrinate policies to boost the Italian economy and strengthen the state

II Duce

• Mussolini was often referred to as

Politburo

• the ruling committee of the Communist Party

• members began a power struggle in the Soviet Union

Intense personal rivalry between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin

• divisions were further stained from the power struggle between the members of the Politburo in the Soviet Union and this personal rivalry

Five-Year-Plan

• Included in Stalin’s economic policies when he took control of the Soviet Union

• aimed rapid industrialization and agricultural collectivization

Cult of Personality

• emphasized Stalin’s leadership with his charismatic personality

Terror Famine

• one of Stalin’s brutal tactics

• meant to cripple the movement for Ukrainian independence and was aimed to eliminate political opposition

Collectives

• state-controlled farms

• its establishment was a key feature of Stalin’s agricultural policies

Censorship

• implemented by both Stalin and Mussolini for media control

• limited freedom of expression

The Great Purge

• Stalin’s campaign against perceived enemies

• resulted in mass arrests, executions, and imprisonments

Gulogs

• forces labor camps

• used extensively in Stalin’s Soviet Union

Political Democracy

• an alternative political system Stalin’s regime aimed to suppress

Guernica

• bombing in 1937 that highlighted the devastating impact of fascist forces on civilian populations in Spain during the Spanish Civil War

Adolf Hitler

• rose to power in Germany during the era of the Weimar Republic

Nazi Party

• a political party that played a significant role in the destabilization of the Weimar Republic

Nuremberg Party Laws

implemented discriminatory policies, particularly targeting Jewish individuals

Mein Kampf

• Hitler’s autobiography

• outlined his ideology and future plans for Germany

Anti-Semitism

• pervasive ideology in Nazi Germany

• fueled discriminatory practices against Jews

Nazi Youth

• organization from the priority of indoctrinating young Germans

Schutzstaffel

• aka the SS

• responsible for various security and military duties in Nazi Germany

Propaganda

• played a crucial role in shaping public opinion and manipulating information in Nazi Germany

Reichsatg

• served as the seat of parliament in the German Empire and the Weimar Republic

• where the Nazi Party became the largest party

• Germany’s economic difficulties were crucial in the rise of power

Lebensraum

• justified territorial expansion to accommodate the growing population and promote Aryan supremacy.

• concept that was central to Nazi ideology

Brown Shirts

• aka the SA

• primarily units associated with the Nazi Party

Enabling Act

• granted Hitler dictatorial powers

• consolidated his control over Germany

Kristallmacht

• violent pogrom (violent riot) that targeted Jewish businesses and homes in Nazi Germany

Joseph Goebbels

• served as Hitler’s Minister of Propaganda

• shaped the narrative of Nazi ideology

Aryan Race

• hypothetical race of Indo-European descent, associated with white supremacy ideologies

• its pursuit drove Nazi expansionist policies, leading to territorial aggression

Fuhrer

• title for Hitler that signified his role as the leader of Nazi Germany

• meaning leader/guide

Sudetenland

• border regions of Czechoslovakia,

• its annexation by Nazi Germany was a precursor to broader territorial ambitions in Europe

Kraft durch Freude

• organization that aimed to provide leisure activities for German workers under Nazi rule

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

• fervent advocate for secularism

• challenged ideals of the Ottoman Empire

• led numerous reforms to modernize Turkey after the fall of the Ottoman Empire

Young Turks

• revolutionary faction

• advocated for political reform

  • constitutionalism, secularism, and nationalism

• played significant role in the fall of the Ottoman Empire

• set the stage for the emergence of modern-nation states in the Middle East

Reza Khan

• military officer who ascended to power in Iran

• implemented modernization programs to diminish the influence of traditional monarchy & elevate Iran on the global stage

• established himself as “Shah”

Balfour Declaration

• issuance during WW1 that reflected British support for a national home for the Jewish in Palestine

• contributed to the complex geopolitical landscape of the Middle East

Palestine Mandate

• issued by the League of Nations

• mandate for British administration of the territories of Palestine and Transjordan

• intensified tensions in the region and shaping its subsequent trajectory

Pan-Africanism

• influential ideology that promoted unity among African nations

• gained momentum through efforts of Marcus Garvey and WEB DuBois

• influenced the broader quest for independence and self-determination

Comintern

• global association of communist parties

• exerted considerable influence on anti-colonial movements in Asia and Africa

• fostered a nexus between nationalist aspirations and socialist ideals

Amritsar Massacre

• tragic incident that marked a turning point in the Indian independence movement

• fueled momentum for civil disobedience against British colonial rule

Salt March

• symbolic act of civil disobedience

• showcased the power of nonviolent resistance against British salt taxes

• influenced pursuit of Indian independence and the Muslim League

Muslim League

• a political party in British India advocating for the rights and interests of Muslims

• it played a key role in the creation of Pakistan in 1947

Indian National Congress

• played a key role in India’s independence movement

• advocated for political rights and interests of Muslims within the broader context of British India

Open Door Policy

• ensured economic access to China and prevent territorial disintegration through imperialistic practices

Black Dragon Society

• marked a turning point in the beginning of its expansionist policies in Asia

• lead to profound geopolitical ramifications and increased tensions on the international stage

Invasion of Manchuria

• covert organization in Japan

• secretly engaged in militaristic and nationalist activities

• contributed to the broader political landscape during a period of regional upheaval

Imperial Rule Assistance

• played a significant role in shaping Japan’s trajectory by promoting imperialistic ideals and supporting government policies

• called for Japanese expansion abroad

Sun Yat-Sen

• founder of the Republic of China

• aimed to unite the country under a single government

• overthrew Qing dynasty

Nationalist Party

• played a pivotal role in the political landscape of China during the early 20th century

• also referred to as the Kuomintang

• major political party in the Republic of China

Chiang Kai-Shek

• leader of Nationalist party

• pretended to support alliance with the communists but actually planned to destroy them

Northern Expedition

• Chiang Kai-Shek’s leadership was marked by this military campaign against warlords and rival factories to consolidate power

• a military campaign launched by the Kuomintang to unify China by defeating regional warlords and establishing a central government

Chinese Communist Party

• emerged as a formidable force

• challenged the dominance of the Nationalist Party

Shanghai Massacre

• aka April 12th incident

• resulted in the purge of Communist elements from the Nationalist Party in 1927

Where did the Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party retreat to

• retreated to the Jiangxi Province after the failures of the First United Front with the Nationalist Party

The Long March

• a grueling journey undertaken by the Red Army

• showcased Mao Zedong’s ability to adapt guerilla tactics against superior enemy forces

People’s Liberation Army

• its establishment signaled a significant shift in the Chinese Communists’ military strategy

• consolidated their forces and enhancing their ability to challenge the Nationalist Party

New Life Movement

• a multifaced social and political movement

• initiated by Chiang Kai-Shek

• reflected his vision for reshaping Chinese society and values

Franklin D. Roosevelt

• U.S. president that aimed at enhancing relations with Latin American nations

  • fostered mutual cooperation

  • distanced the U.S. from interventionist practices

Military Dictatorship

• numerous Latin American countries witnessed the imposition of authoritarian rule

• suppressed civil liberties and stifling political dissent

Oligarchy

• the concentration of power among a select few elite individuals or families

• characterized the political landscape in many Latin American nations

Hipolito Irigoyen

• pivotal figure in Argentine politics

• advocated for democratic principles

• represented the interests of the common people

Group of United Officers

• its emergence signified a potent political force

• frequently intervened in the affairs of Latin American countries

• shaped governmental policies

Getulio Vargas

• served as both president and dictator

• implemented social and economical reforms

• left lasting impact on Brazil’s political landscape

Mexican Revolution

• marked a tumultuous period of social upheaval

• various factions competed for political power and social justice in Mexico

Institutional Revolutionary Party

• wielded significant influence in Mexican politics

• maintained stability through a one-party system for several decades

• political party known for its authoritarian rule and ability to maintain political control through various means.

Lazaro Cardenas

• a prominent Mexican leader

• nationalized the oil industry by establishing PEMEX

  • this asserted Mexico’s control over its natural resources

Diego Rivera

• renowned for his murals depicting social and political themes

• captured struggles and aspirations of the Mexican People

Good Neighbor Policy

• facilitated diplomatic relations

• encouraged cultural exchange between the U.S. and Latin American nations

• fostered a more cooperative and respectful approach to international affairs