Biology 20 General Overview

There is the possibility of repeat questions and answers, proceed with caution.

Can donating blood make you anemic?

Usually no, but hematocrit levels are measured to ensure only those with healthy levels can donate.

Define anabolism.

Type of metabolism that builds complex molecules from simpler ones.

Define catabolism.

Type of metabolism that breaks down large molecules into smaller, simpler ones.

Give an example of a diuretic.

Caffeinated beverages, alcohol, green tea, cranberry juice, or apple cider vinegar.

How can blood donation save multiple lives?

Blood can be split into parts: plasma for hemophilic patients, platelets for cancer patients, and RBC for anemic patients.

How can mild anemia be treated?

With iron supplements.

How do enzymes lower activation energy?

Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for biological reactions, significantly speeding up the process.

How does carbon enter the ocean?

Carbon enters the ocean by dissolving into it and is incorporated into shells of marine organisms.

How does temperature affect photosynthesis rates?

Rates increase until 30-35°C, then drop dramatically after 35°C due to enzyme denaturation.

How does the body maintain pH balance in the blood?

By regulating hydrogen ion secretion in the distal convoluted tubule.

How do vaccines work?

Vaccines work by introducing weakened or dead disease bacteria to trigger the body's immune response, developing immunity.

How is NADPH formed in Photosystem I?

NADP+ reduces with electrons and hydrogen to form NADPH.

How long does it take for lost red blood cells from donations to be replaced in the bloodstream?

4 to 6 weeks

How many times must the dark reaction occur to produce one glucose molecule?

The dark reaction must occur 6 times to produce one glucose.

List three uses of ATP.

Synthesis, Active Transport, Movement, Heat

Name one excretory organ and its function.

Skin — excretes heat, urea, and salt.

Name the three types of white blood cells.

Granulocytes, Monocytes, Lymphocytes

What are abiotic factors?

Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of an ecosystem, including temperature, pH, and sunlight.

What are alveoli?

Clusters of air sacs where gas exchange occurs, covered by capillary networks.

What are analogous structures?

Body structures that perform similar functions due to similar environmental pressures but do not share a common ancestor.

What are antibiotics used for?

To treat or prevent bacterial infections, typically in pill or tablet form.

What are arterioles?

Small diameter blood vessels that branch from arteries and connect to capillaries.

What are autotrophs?

Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food, either through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

What are baroreceptors?

Receptors that sense and detect blood pressure in the arteries.

What are biotic factors?

Biotic factors are the living components of an ecosystem, such as plants, animals, and bacteria.

What are bronchi?

The primary air passages that diverge from the trachea into each lung.

What are common causes of anemia?

Iron-poor diet, chronic diseases, insufficient red blood cell production, or effects of cancer treatments.

What are common symptoms of anorexia nervosa?

Low blood pressure, irregular heart beat, constipation, improper function of internal organs, and self-digestion.

What are diuretics?

Substances that relieve water retention and increase urination, working antagonistically to ADH.

What are enzymes?

Catalysts that facilitate the breaking apart of bonds in macromolecules.

What are gallstones?

hard masses that form in the gallbladder, blocking ducts and causing abdominal pain.

What are homologous structures?

Body structures that share a common evolutionary origin but have different functions.

What are limiting factors?

Limiting factors are conditions that stabilize a population within its carrying capacity.

What are examples of macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

What are nephrons?

Functional units of the kidney, with over 1 million present in each kidney.

What are symptoms of emphysema?

Shortness of breath, fatigue, and chronic cough.

What are the economic advantages of MRI?

It can save patients money by providing accurate diagnoses, reducing the need for multiple failed tests.

What are the four levels of protein structure?

The four levels are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

What are the four main components of blood?

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells), White Blood Cells, Platelets, and Plasma.

What are the four types of pathogens?

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Parasites.

What are the main categories of plant pigments?

Chlorophyll (green), carotenoids (orange), anthocyanins (deep colors), and betalains (red).

What are the main parts of the mitochondria?

Outer Membrane, Inner Membrane, Matrix, Cristae, Intermembrane Space

What are the main types of heterotrophs?

Herbivores (plant eaters), carnivores (meat eaters), omnivores (plant and animal eaters), and decomposers.

What are the societal benefits of angioplasty?

It improves overall public health and maintains economic productivity by reducing health-related worker absenteeism.

What are the symptoms of colitis?

Symptoms include loose bloody stools and abdominal cramping.

What are the three domains of life?

Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria.

What are the three main components of the circulatory system?

The heart, blood vessels, and blood.

What are the three main spheres of Earth?

Atmosphere (air), Lithosphere (ground), Hydrosphere (water)

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

Capillaries, Arteries, and Veins.

What are the three stages of aerobic respiration?

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.

What are the three types of adaptations?

Structural, functional, and behavioral adaptations.

What are the two main requirements of the respiratory system?

Maximize surface area for gas exchange and provide moist conditions for respiration.

What are the two main types of circulatory systems?

Open system and closed system.

What are the two main types of white blood cells based on function?

Engulfing and Antibody producing

What are the two types of respiration?

External respiration (alveoli to blood) and internal respiration (blood to tissues).

What are the two types of speciation?

Allopatric speciation (geographic isolation) and sympatric speciation (same area).

What are two ways water moves from land to the ocean?

Seepage through the ground and surface runoff.

What blood type is safe for a patient with blood type A?

Blood type A and O are safe for a patient with blood type A.

What causes Crohn's disease?

Crohn's disease is caused by inflammation of the ileum.

What causes the 'Lub' sound in the heart?

Closure of the AV valves during ventricular contraction (systole).

What causes variations in traits among organisms?

Variations arise from sexual reproduction and mutations.

What chemical do platelets produce to aid clotting?

They convert fibrinogen into fibrin.

What cultural perspectives exist regarding bone marrow transplants?

Some cultures may see it as a way to unite families, while others may oppose it due to beliefs in traditional methods.

What defines a species?

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

What do antibodies do?

They stick to invading microorganisms and clump them together for engulfment.

What does ADH (Anti-diuretic Hormone) do?

Increases the permeability of the tubule membrane to water, promoting water reabsorption.

What does an ECG record?

Electrical signals in the heart.

What does blood pressure refer to?

The force exerted by circulating blood on blood vessel walls.

What does excretion refer to?

The process of separating wastes from bodily fluid and eliminating them from the body.

What does the closed circulatory system ensure?

Blood is always contained within vessels.

What does the renal pelvis do?

It drains urine into the ureter.

What does the urinary system excrete?

Urea, uric acid, excess water, salt, and other metabolic wastes.

What do memory T-cells do?

They remember the blueprint for antibodies to fight specific pathogens.

What do osmoreceptors detect?

Changes in water levels in the blood.

What do white blood cells produce in response to vaccines?

Antibodies to fight the disease.

What environmental concerns are associated with antibiotics?

They can be harmful pollutants that may cause resistance in beneficial bacteria, affecting ecosystems.

What ethical concerns are associated with coronary bypass surgeries?

There is a risk of obtaining healthy blood vessels from patients without consent when demand is high.

What factors affect the rates of photosynthesis?

Quality, intensity, and duration of sunlight, amount of water and CO2 supply, temperature, and availability of minerals.

What factors can affect enzyme activity?

Factors include temperature, acidity (pH level), substrate concentration, and end product concentration.

What factors regulate blood pressure?

Elasticity of arteries, diameter of arteries, viscosity of blood, heart rate, and volume of blood.

What happens during denaturation of enzymes?

Denaturation involves the breaking of chemical bonds in proteins, causing them to lose their biological properties.

What happens during exhalation?

The diaphragm relaxes, decreasing thoracic cavity space and increasing pleural pressure to force air out.

What happens if a mutation occurs in gamete cells?

The variation could be passed down to the next generation.

What happens if a mutation occurs in somatic cells?

The variation will disappear when the organism dies.

What happens if an Rh- mother has an Rh+ baby?

The mother's blood may produce antibodies against the baby's blood during delivery.

What happens to alveoli in emphysema?

Alveoli burst and fuse with enlarged air spaces, decreasing surface area for gas exchange.

What happens to blood pressure during exercise?

Blood pressure increases as the heart pumps faster and harder.

What happens to glucose during reabsorption?

It is actively transported from the nephron back into the blood.

What happens to leaves in autumn?

Chlorophyll breaks down, revealing carotenoids and anthocyanins, leading to yellow, orange, and red colors.

What happens to phosphorus in the phosphorus cycle?

Phosphorus erodes from rocks, dissolves in water, and is absorbed by plants, eventually concentrating in marine sediments.

What happens to pyruvic acid before entering the Krebs cycle?

It is converted into Acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) and releases CO2.

What happens when the outside area becomes hypertonic?

Osmotic pressure increases and more water is reabsorbed.

What happens when the threshold level of a substance is met in the kidneys?

Remaining material is removed as waste.

What inhibits ADH release?

When plasma becomes too diluted (osmotic pressure decreases and blood pressure increases).

What is a biological species concept?

Species are defined by having an equal number of chromosomes.

What is a bone marrow transplant?

A procedure that replaces unhealthy blood-forming cells with healthy ones from a matched donor.

What is a community?

A community consists of two or more populations of different species living together in the same area.

what does ATP stand for

adenosine triphosphate

chemical reaction equation for glucose

C6H1206

chemical reaction equation for photosynthesis

6CO2+6H20+light energy→ C6H1206 +6O2