Social and Cultural Diversity

d

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as

a. cross-cultural counseling.

b. multicultural counseling.

c. intercultural counseling.

d. all of the above.

d

Culture refers to

a. customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups.

b. values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group.

c. attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group often passed from generation to generation.

d. all of the above.

c

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client

a. is culturally biased.

b. suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity.

c. belongs to a different culture from the helper.

d. presents problems which deal only with culturally charged issues.

a

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture

a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture.

b. the counselor will find the DSM useless.

c. the counselor should rely heavily on cultural epoch theory.

d. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis.

b

In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents

a. a separate race.

b. a separate culture.

c. the concept of color blindness.

d. a separate national culture.

d

Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?

a. Freud.

b. Durkheim.

c. McDougall.

d. Berne.

c

________ and ________ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.

a. Maslow; Rogers

b. Ellis; Harper

c. Freud; Lorenz

d. Glasser; Rogers

c

________ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.

a. Instinct theorists

b. Innate aggression theorists

c. Social learning theorists

d. Followers of Erik Erikson

a

The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by

a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.

b. the 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally different clients without three hours of relevant graduate work in this area.

c. the 1972 ethic which required a 3,000-hour practicum in order to work with culturally different clients.

d. urging nonwhites to take graduate counseling courses.

d

Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life transitions. He

a. is the father of multicultural counseling.

b. wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man's Life and the 1997 sequel Seasons of a Woman's Life.

c. postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40 and 45 and for women approximately five years earlier.

d. b and c.

b

The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are:

a. assertiveness, anxiety, ego strength.

b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs.

c. culture, race, assertiveness.

d. ego strength, anxiety, race.

b

The term contextualism implies that

a. multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the profession.

b. behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.

c. the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate.

d. projective tests are more accurate than objective measures when performing cross-cultural counseling.

d

Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development

a. as she felt it was too psychoanalytic.

b. as she felt it was too behavioristic.

c. as she felt it was not applicable to African Americans.

d. as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

b

________ helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement.

a. Arthur Jensen's views on IQ testing (also known as Jensenism)

b. The civil rights movement

c. Jung's feeling that all men and women from all cultures possess a collective unconscious

d. The Tarasoff duty

a

When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to

a. the prognosis.

b. the diagnosis.

c. the intervention.

d. attending behavior.

a

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to

a. recommendations.

b. the diagnosis.

c. the prognosis.

d. the notion of transference.

d

The 1971 famous Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that

a. passivity is the norm for most individuals.

b. assertive behavior is clearly the healthiest behavioral alternative.

c. it takes people several weeks to change their behavior.

d. people conform to social roles.

c

A wealth of research demonstrates that

a. surprisingly enough, African Americans generally request Asian American counselors.

b. surprisingly enough, Asian Americans generally request African American counselors.

c. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.

d. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race, yet a different culture

d

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with

a. Albert Ellis.

b. Robert Havinghurst, who created the idea of the

developmental task concept.

c. Eric Berne, the creator of transactional analysis (TA).

d. John Dollard and Neal Miller.

c

A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is ________ cognitive dissonance theory.

a. Dollard and Miller's

b. Crites and Roe's

c. Festinger's

d. Holland and Super's

c

Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that

a. one culture will have norms which differ only slightly from another.

b. culture excludes customs.

c. culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.

d. culture is never socially learned

a

A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm

a. describes how people are supposed to act.

b. has little to do with expectations.

c. is irrelevant when counseling a client.

d. all of the above.

a

Mores are beliefs and social customs

a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.

b. which should be the central focus in multicultural

counseling.

c. that are conscious decisions made by persons in power.

d. that are identical with the folkways in the culture.

d

________ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural

issues.

a. Mark Savickas, a major figure in career construction theory relying on narrative therapy,

b. Alfred Adler, the father of individual psychology,

c. Maxie Maultsby, the father of rational behavior therapy (RBT),

d. Frank Parsons, the father of guidance

d

A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be

a. universal culture.

b. national culture.

c. ecological culture.

d. b and c.

d

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by

a. ecological culture.

b. mores.

c. regional and national culture.

d. universal culture

c

Early vocalization in infants

a. is more complex in African American babies.

b. is more complex in white babies.

c. is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe.

d. is the finest indicator of elementary school performance.

b

In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale, which evaluated

a. socioeconomic trends.

b. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.

c. disadvantaged youth.

d. language barriers between African Americans and Asian Americans.

c

According to the foot-in-the-door compliance technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client's home

a. should conduct the interview from the porch.

b. should double-bind the client.

c. should ask to come in the home.

d. should exude accurate empathy, but never ask to enter the home.

a

Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by

a. national culture.

b. human culture.

c. regional culture.

d. ecological culture.

c

Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a

society differs from a culture in that a society

a. is defined as a set of mores.

b. has a distinct lack of norms.

c. is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.

d. none of the above.

a

Ethnocentrism

a. uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others.

b. means race.

c. is a genetic term.

d. all of the above.

d

All of these statements are ethnocentric except

a. You can't trust anyone over the age of 40.

b. Americans are generous.

c. Blue-collar workers are mean and selfish.

d. The Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico.

d

Ethnocentrism

a. is not universal.

b. promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty.

c. promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age.

d. b and c.

a

Regardless of culture, the popular individual

a. has good social skills.

b. values race over ethnicity.

c. dresses in the latest styles.

d. never possesses a modal personality.

b

Social exchange theory postulates that

a. a relationship will endure if both parties are assertive.

b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs.

c. a relationship will endure if both parties are sexually attracted to each other.

d. men work harder to keep a relationship strong.

d

Balance theory postulates

a. a move from cognitive consistency to inconsistency.

b. a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency.

c. a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.

d. b and c.

c

Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive

a. are nonassertive.

b. are aggressive.

c. have other positive traits.

d. are socially adept but not very intelligent.

d

A counselor who works primarily with older adults needs to be aware that

a. too many counselors choose gerontology as their specialty.

b. individuals over 65 tend to overuse hotline and helpline crisis counseling services.

c. surprisingly, attractiveness is a fine predictor of retirement adjustment.

d. surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.

b

Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor's diagnosis

a. must be performed without regard to cultural issues.

b. must be done within a cultural context.

c. a and b.

d. none of the above.

a

A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ________ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture.

a. less

b. more

c. the same

d. more realistic

a

In terms of diagnosis,

a. a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.

b. culture is irrelevant in children under 14.

c. culture is an issue with males, but not with females.

d. culture is an issue with females, but not with males.

d

In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy.

a. This trend seems to be true in any area of the world.

b. This is true for Licensed Professional Counselors (LPCs) but not true for Licensed Clinical Social Workers (LCSWs).

c. This is true for LPCs and LCSWs but not licensed clinical psychologists.

d. In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.

b

According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman has an approach-approach conflict. She has her choice

of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch.

Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be

perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal

for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver

watch.

a. She will feel intense guilt.

b. She will read positive reviews on the silver watch—and possibly negative reviews about the gold model—after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance.

c. According to the theory she will remain a tad ambivalent about her choice.

d. She will be angry because in reality she wanted both watches, but could not afford them

b

A woman who is being robbed

a. would probably get the most assistance in a crowd with a large number of bystanders.

b. would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases.

c. would rarely have a bystander from a different race try to help her.

d. none of the above.

c

A counselor reading this book says, "I couldn't care less about passing my comprehensive exam." This

a. is displacement.

b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.

c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension.

d. is projection.

b

The statement "Even though my car is old and doesn't run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low"

a. is displacement.

b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.

c. is projection.

d. would never reduce dissonance in an individual.

d

In the case of an individual who purchased a $50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that

a. he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 platinum model.

b. he or she might sell the $50,000 watch immediately following the purchase.

c. he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models.

d. a and c.

c

In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who

a. will give them "a good talking to."

b. gives a specific and steady stream of advice.

c. helps them work it out on their own.

d. is highly authoritarian and autocratic.

d

In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures,

a. passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner.

b. a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice.

c. assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate.

d. all of the above.

b

Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with

a. attraction.

b. cognition and attitude formation.

c. cognitions and emotion.

d. none of the above.

a

Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce

a. less-aggressive children.

b. more-aggressive children.

c. passive-aggressive children.

d. passive-dependent children.

d

Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling

a. is rarely utilized in cross-cultural counseling.

b. is too nondirective for intercultural counseling.

c. a and b.

d. has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races.

c

In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means

a. nothing—it is not a valid term.

b. most therapists will give up in 16 sessions or less if progress is not evident.

c. the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts.

d. the therapist assumes a passive therapeutic stance.

b

The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender:

a. an analysis of cognitive dissonance.

b. rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure.

c. paradoxing the client.

d. analyzing flight-to-health defense mechanism variables.

d

In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender,

a. it is easier to trust people from one's own culture.

b. lower-income people often don't trust others from a higher

social class.

c. lower-income clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class.

d. all of the above.

c

A(n) ________ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor.

a. white female

b. African American female

c. African American male

d. upper-class white male

a

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as

a. even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).

b. standardization.

c. similar to his or her own.

d. paraphrasing.

b

When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference

a. is interpreted as positive transference.

b. is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.

c. is interpreted as white privilege.

d. none of the above.

a

Counselors who have good listening skills

a. facilitate therapeutic surrender.

b. hinder therapeutic surrender.

c. often have a monolithic perspective.

d. are too nondirective to promote therapeutic surrender.

a

Counselors can more easily advise

a. clients from their own culture.

b. clients from a different culture.

c. clients of a different race.

d. clients utilizing ethnocentric statements.

a

It's easiest to empathize with

a. a client who is similar to you.

b. a client who is dissimilar to you.

c. Latino/a clients.

d. Asian American male clients.

d

In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective

a. when structured exercises are utilized.

b. when a counselor takes an active-directive stance.

c. when nondirective procedures are emphasized.

d. when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.

b

A client from another culture will

a. talk to the counselor the same as he or she would to a peer.

b. speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.

c. generally use slang on purpose to confuse the counselor.

d. generally play dumb to receive the counselor's sympathy.

c

An African American client tells a white counselor that the dance she went to last night was "bad," though she literally means it was good. The counselor's misunderstanding could best be described as a

a. client of color error.

b. cognitive dissonance error.

c. connotative error.

d. confounding variable.

a

A monolingual U.S. counselor

a. speaks only English.

b. speaks English and Spanish.

c. works as a counseling interpreter.

d. fits the definition of bilingual.

d

________ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling.

a. Frankl's experience in a concentration camp

b. Perl's use of the German concept of gestalt

c. Freud's visits to the United States

d. The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation

a

Multicultural counseling promotes

a. eclecticism.

b. rigidity.

c. psychodynamic models.

d. neurolinguistic programming (NLP).

d

Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word emic

a. is associated with the Supreme Court decision of 1954 outlawing segregation.

b. suggests that all clients are alike regardless of culture.

c. is associated with rational behavior therapy (RBT).

d. is a "culture-specific" perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language.

c

A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee "You can deal with your Asian American clients the same as you deal with anybody else" is espousing the

a. emic viewpoint.

b. alloplastic viewpoint.

c. etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language.

d. autoplastic viewpoint.

c

The statement "All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different" is based on the

a. emic viewpoint.

b. alloplastic viewpoint.

c. etic viewpoint.

d. autoplastic viewpoint.

a

A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians on some exams) are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the

a. emic viewpoint.

b. alloplastic viewpoint.

c. etic viewpoint.

d. autoplastic viewpoint

b

An Asian American counselor says to an African American client,"If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system." This is the ________ viewpoint for coping with the environment.

a. emic

b. alloplastic

c. etic

d. autoplastic

b

A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you." In this case the counselor had suggested

a. an alloplastic method of coping.

b. an autoplastic method of coping.

c. the emic-etic distinction.

d. the emic viewpoint.

d

You are counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot move her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in the counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be

a. she is displaying malingering.

b. she was severely abused as a young child.

c. she is suicidal.

d. she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference.

c

Positive transference is to love or affection, as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to

a. anger.

b. hate.

c. uncertainty.

d. admiration.

a

The word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means

a. all people must adjust to environmental and geological

b. demands. the counselor must adjust to the client's cultural mores.

c. a counselor who personalizes the treatment is most effective.

d. biologically speaking, there is no reason why humans must

adjust to environmental demands

b

A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply

a. too Rogerian.

b. attacking the system.

c. too Freudian.

d. too cognitive.

a

Good multicultural counselors are

a. flexible.

b. rigid.

c. utilize Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA), Fritz Perl's gestalt therapy, and/or William Glasser's reality therapy in nearly every case.

d. generally behavioristic.

a

A client remarks, "Hey, I'm African American and it's nearly impossible to hide it." This is illustrative of the fact that

a. race is not the same as ethnicity.

b. race and ethnicity are virtually identical.

c. a connotative impediment exists.

d. severe ambivalent transference exists.

c

Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor's training

a. must come from an APA-approved graduate program.

b. must come from a supervisor who is from a different culture than the graduate student.

c. should be broad and interdisciplinary.

d. need not include rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT).

a

Doing cross-cultural counseling

a. makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences.

b. allows counselors to see that culture is merely a matter of semantics.

c. is different since clients are more likely to return for help after the first session.

d. allows counselors to ignore the concept of pluralism.

b

Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will

a. perform better if he or she is alone.

b. perform better if he or she is part of a group.

c. perform better if he or she has undergone psychotherapy.

d. perform better if he or she is an auditory learner.

b

In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that

a. sleep learning facilitates social skills.

b. after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.

c. after a period of time, one remembers the communicator but forgets the message.

d. REM sleep facilitates insight.

d

In 1908, books by ________ helped to introduce social psychology in America.

a. Moreno and Yalom

b. Holland and Roe

c. Barber and Salter

d. McDougall and Ross

a

________ is associated with obedience and authority.

a. Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist,

b. Arthur Janov, who created primal scream therapy,

c. A. T. Beck, a cognitive therapy pioneer,

d. Robert Harper, a pioneer in the REBT bibliotherapy movement,

d

Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as

a. a peer.

b. an equal.

c. an individual from another culture.

d. an authority figure.

c

The tendency to affiliate with others

a. is highest in the middle child.

b. is highest in children with DSM diagnoses.

c. is highest in firstborns and only children.

d. is based on hormonal output.

b

A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an

a. approach-avoidance conflict.

b. approach-approach conflict.

c. avoidance-avoidance conflict.

d. avoidance vector.

c

When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an

a. approach-approach conflict.

b. approach vector.

c. avoidance-avoidance conflict.

d. avoidance cohesiveness.

a

A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to "a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent." This creates an

a. approach-avoidance conflict.

b. avoidance-avoidance conflict.

c. avoidance of life space.

d. approach affiliation.

a

According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum's congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if

a. the client likes the counselor.

b. the client dislikes the counselor.

c. the client distrusts the counselor.

d. the counselor is in a higher economic bracket

d

An adept multicultural counselor

a. generally believes in the melting pot concept.

b. has a strong ethnocentric worldview.

c. will not ask the client for information related to religion or level of faith development.

d. usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

d

A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at a boys' summer camp near Robbers' Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that

a. most people cooperate in a social setting.

b. competition plays a small role in most of our lives.

c. a and b.

d. a cooperative, or so-called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

d

Sex-role stereotyping would imply that

a. a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client.

b. a male counselor would rate a female client's emotional status differently than he would a male client's.

c. female clients are treated the same as male clients.

d. choices a and b.

b

The statement "whites are better than African Americans" illustrates

a. a weakening of the caste system in the U.S.

b. racism.

c. sexism.

d. codependency.

d

In terms of research related to affiliation

a. misery loves miserable company.

b. firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later.

c. people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear.

d. all of the above.

b

Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that

a. he totally disagreed with their assessment.

b. he too felt the group activity was very helpful.

c. he really wasn't certain how he felt about the activity.

d. a and c.

a

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a

a. 52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator.

b. 49-year-old, white homeless male.

c. 40-year-old, divorced white female who is out of work and has three children.

d. 19-year-old Latina mother on welfare with two children.

c

A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying

a. severe negative transference.

b. positive transference.

c. normal behavior within the context of her culture.

d. ambivalent transference.