bio lab final

moss

What is the common name for bryophyta?

yes

Do the bryophyta produce spores?

no

Do bryophyta have free-living sporophytes?

mitosis

Do bryophyta have gametophytes that develop by mitosis or meiosis?

1n

What is the ploidy (# of sets of chromosomes) in the bryophyta gametophyte?

mitosis

Are gametes in bryophyta produced by mitosis or meiosis?

archegonia

What is the structure where the eggs are produced in bryophyta?

1n

What is the egg ploidy in bryophyta?

anteridia

What is the structure where sperm are produced in bryophyta?

1n

What is sperm ploidy for bryophyta?

In the protective socket of the archegonial cell

Where is the zygote formed in bryophyta?

2n

What is the zygote ploidy for bryophyta?

mitosis

Does the sporophyte develop by mitosis or meiosis in bryophyta?

2n

Sporophyte ploidy for bryophyta?

capsule

Structure where spores are produced for bryophyta?

meiosis

Spores produced by mitosis or meiosis in bryophyta?

1n

Spore ploidy in bryophyta?

ferns & horsetails

Common name for Pterophyta / monilophyta?

yes

Do Pterophyta / monilophyta produce spores?

yes

Do Pterophyta / monilophyta have free-living gametophytes?

yes

Do Pterophyta / monilophyta have free-living sporophyte?

mitosis

Are gametophytes in Pterophyta / monilophyta developed by mitosis or meiosis?

1n

Gametophyte ploidy for Pterophyta / monilophyta?

mitosis

Pterophyta / monilophyta gametes produced by mitosis or meiosis?

archegonia

Structure where eggs produced in Pterophyta / monilophyta?

1n

Egg ploidy in Pterophyta / monilophyta?

artheridia

Structure were sperm are produced in Pterophyta / monilophyta?

1n

Sperm ploidy for Pterophyta / monilophyta?

archegonial canal

Where is Pterophyta / monilophyta zygote formed?

2n

Zygote ploidy in Pterophyta / monilophyta?

mitosis

Pterophyta / monilophyta sporophyte developed by mitosis or meiosis?

2n

Sporophyte ploidy in Pterophyta / monilophyta?

sporagnium

Structure were spore produced in Pterophyta / monilophyta?

meiosis

Spores produced by mitosis or meiosis in Pterophyta / monilophyta?

1n

Spore ploidy in Pterophyta / monilophyta?

1. roots - allows the plant to gain access to minerals & water in soil that wouldn’t be reachable otherwise

2. lignin - allows the plant to be supported against the force of gravity

3. vascular tissue - can transport the water & minerals found in the ground throughout the plant body

List three characteristics of the ferns and fern allies studied in this lab topic that are adaptations to living in a terrestrial environment not seen in the liverworts and mosses.  Briefly explain how each enhances the chances of the plant surviving.

This will not work because these parts of the plant responsible for sperm & egg formation do not use meiosis, they use mitosis.

A person interested in studying crossing-over during meiosis in ferns prepared microscope slides of an archegonium and antheridium at different stages of development.  Why will this study fail?

Fern spore - 9 chromosomes

fern zygote - 18 chromosomes

fern leaf - 18 chromosomes

moss spore - 9 chromosomes

moss zygote - 18 chromosomes

moss leaf - 9 chromosomes

A species of fern has a diploid number of chromosomes equal to 18.  How many chromosomes would you expect to find in a spore?  In a zygote?  In a cell from a leaf? What would you expect if the species was a moss?

Fern sporophyte

Moss antheredial head

Moss archegonial head

Fern pathallus

Young fern sporophyte growing out of pallathus

1. fungi are composed of hyphae

2. they are absorptive heterotrophs

3. they are composed of cell walls made of chitin

4. their life cycle only had one component that is diploid

5. Fungi are not assigned male or female but instead a charge

What makes a fungus different from a plant or an animal? Mention at least five characteristics.

Chytridiomycota

1. aquatic species

2. produces both haploid & diploid nuclei by mitosis

Ascomycota

1. contains sacs that have spores & are the site of sexual reproduction

Basidiomycota

1. “club fungi” - big decomposers of wood lignin

2. contains the “basidium”

List the distinguishing characteristics of the Chytridiomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota studied in this lab.

I would see if the organism had a lichen-like structure first (foliose, crustose, fruticose). Then, under the microscope, I would see if there was any interaction between a plant root & fungi.

If you were given a sample to identify, what characteristics would you use to determine if it was a lichen or a pure fungus?

1. fungal spore (1n) germinates via mitosis to form a hyphae

2. hyphae (1n) undergo mitosis to fuse cytoplasm (result in 1n)

3. nuclei join together to create a 2n zygote via mitosis

4. nuclei divide via meiosis to form 4 haploid spores

In general terms, describe a sexual life cycle in fungi.  What stages are haploid and which ones are diploid?  When is nuclear division by mitosis and when by meiosis?

These two organisms can often be found together due to a mycorrhizae relationship between the fungi & the plant

The Suillus lakei mushroom is commonly found growing around the base of conifers, especially the Douglas fir.  Offer a possible explanation of this association of a fungus and plant.

zygosporangium of bread mold

ascocarp with asci and ascospores of cup fungi

Section of gill with basidia bearing basidiospores

Arbuscular endomycorrizae from phylum muscoromycota

Ectomychorrhizal fungi

Crustose lichen

Foliose lichen

Fruticose lichen

Cross section of lichen thallus

sponge

What is the common name for the porifera?

jellyfish, sea anemones, corals

What is the common name for cnidaria?

flatworms

What is the common name for playthelminthes?

no

Do porifera have tissues?

yes

Do cnidarians have tissues?

yes

Do playthelminthes have tissues?

asymmetric body plans

What type of symmetry do porifera exhibit?

radially symmetric

What type of symmetry do cnidarians exhibit?

bilateral symmetry

What type of symmetry do playthelminthes exhibit?

none

What are the embryological germ layers in porifera?

diploblastic (endoderm & ectoderm)

What are the embryological germ layers in cnidarians?

triploblastic

What are the embryological germ layers in playthelminthes?

none

What organ systems are present in porifera?

nervous system & digestive system

What organ systems are present in cnidarians?

nervous system, excretory system, reproductive system

What organ systems are present in playthelminthes?

intracellular

Do porifera have intracellular or extracellular digestion?

extracellular

Do cnidarians have intracellular or extracellular digestion?

intracellular

Do playthelminthes have intracellular or extracellular digestion?

filter - feeder

Are porifera herbivores, filter feeders, predator, parasite?

predators

Are cnidarians herbivores, filter feeders, predator, parasite?

parasite

Are playthelminthes herbivores, filter feeders, predator, parasite?

regeneration

What is an unique feature about porifera?

cnidocytes

What is an unique feature about cnidarians?

they lack eye spots

What is an unique feature about playthelminthes?

contains encrusting growth / globular aggregations, sessile creatures

Describe the body plan of the porifera

radial symmetry with both polyp & medusa stages

Describe body plan of cnidarians

dorsal-ventral flattening of body; acoelomate

Describe body plans of playthelminthes

Radially symmetric bodies are equally interacting with the environment while bilateral symmetry results in unequal contact.

If your compare animals with radial symmetry to those with bilateral symmetry, what differences come to mind?

They are both a way to organize animal bodies in half, & a way to interact with the environment. There is also a theory that they both originate from the same organism

If your compare animals with radial symmetry to those with bilateral symmetry, what similarities come to mind?

They perform these functions by utilizing their small surface area & performing diffusion of air molecules & gas molecules throughout the body

None of the animals studied in this lab had organs specialized for respiratory gas exchange or circulation of body fluids. How do these animals perform these important physiological functions? 

Sponges might be green because of the green algae that can resides within/on the sponge. They are not considered plants because they cannot make their own food.

Sponges are sessile and often green in color.  Why aren't they considered plants?

Nervous system development is associated with bilateral symmetry because an animal with bilateral symmetry does not interact with the environment equally around the body. The nervous system also exists because with bilateral symmetry. there is the development of the head.

Why is nervous system development coordinated with bilateral symmetry?

Spicules of porifera

Polyp body form in hydra

Discharged nematocysts; stinging structure in cnidocytes

Cross section of tentacles (cnidocytes with undischarged nematocysts

Feeding polyps

Reproductive polyps

Gonionemus

Sheep liver fluke

Scolex

Mature proglottid

Green - siphon

Red - siphon retractor muscles

Black - anus

White - ink sac

Yellow - branchial hearts

Blue - gills

Silver - liver

Finger - stomach

Red with flag - ovary

Black with flag - nidamental glands